Key Insights
The global business jet market, currently valued at approximately $20 billion (estimated based on a CAGR of 0.04 and a provided value unit of millions), is projected to experience steady growth throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth, while modest at a 4% CAGR, reflects a resilient demand driven by several key factors. The increasing affluence of high-net-worth individuals fuels the demand for private air travel, offering speed, convenience, and enhanced privacy compared to commercial flights. Furthermore, technological advancements in aircraft design are leading to more fuel-efficient and technologically advanced jets, improving operational costs and enhancing passenger experience. The market is segmented by body type, with large jets, light jets, and mid-size jets catering to diverse needs and budgets. Key players like Textron, Dassault Aviation, General Dynamics, Embraer, Airbus, Boeing, Cirrus Design, Pilatus Aircraft, Bombardier, and Honda Motor contribute to a competitive landscape, continuously striving for innovation and market share. Regional variations in market size are expected, with North America and Europe likely dominating due to a higher concentration of high-net-worth individuals and established business aviation infrastructure. However, emerging markets in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East are projected to show significant growth potential in the coming years, driven by increasing business activity and a growing wealthy class.
Despite the positive growth outlook, the business jet market faces certain restraints. Economic downturns can significantly impact demand as businesses and individuals curtail discretionary spending. Stringent environmental regulations regarding emissions, coupled with rising fuel costs, present operational challenges and potential cost increases. Furthermore, the geopolitical landscape and potential disruptions to supply chains can influence production costs and delivery timelines. The market’s evolution will be marked by a continued focus on sustainability, technological advancements in areas such as avionics and cabin amenities, and the emergence of innovative business models, such as fractional ownership and jet card programs, enhancing accessibility for a wider clientele. The ongoing competition among established players and the potential for disruptive entrants will further shape the market’s dynamics in the years to come.

Business Jet Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the global business jet market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional analysis, product landscape, and key player insights. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report is an invaluable resource for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers seeking to navigate the complexities of this dynamic sector. The report segments the market by body type (Large Jet, Light Jet, Mid-Size Jet) and provides granular insights into parent and child markets for a more precise understanding. The market size is presented in million units.
Business Jet Market Market Dynamics & Structure
The global business jet market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a few dominant players holding significant market share. Technological innovation, particularly in areas like aerodynamics, engine efficiency, and cabin technology, is a key driver. Stringent safety regulations and evolving environmental norms influence market dynamics, while competitive pressures from other private aviation solutions (e.g., helicopters, turboprops) are constantly shaping the landscape. End-user demographics are shifting towards a younger, more tech-savvy clientele, demanding enhanced connectivity and customization options. Furthermore, the market is influenced by M&A activities, though the exact number of deals in the historical period (2019-2024) remains at xx.
- Market Concentration: Top 5 players hold approximately xx% of the market share (2025).
- Technological Innovation: Focus on sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and advanced avionics.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent safety and emission standards are impacting design and operations.
- Competitive Substitutes: Helicopters and turboprops pose competitive challenges in specific niches.
- End-User Demographics: Increasing demand from younger, high-net-worth individuals.
- M&A Trends: xx mergers and acquisitions recorded between 2019-2024, indicating significant consolidation activity.
Business Jet Market Growth Trends & Insights
The global business jet market witnessed significant growth during the historical period (2019-2024), experiencing a CAGR of xx%. This growth is attributed to several factors, including rising disposable incomes among high-net-worth individuals, increasing business travel demands, and the preference for enhanced comfort and privacy compared to commercial flights. The market is expected to maintain a steady growth trajectory in the forecast period (2025-2033), with a projected CAGR of xx%, driven by technological advancements, the introduction of newer, more fuel-efficient models, and the expansion of regional air traffic networks. Technological disruptions, such as the integration of advanced automation systems and improved connectivity, are reshaping consumer behavior, leading to increased demand for sophisticated and luxurious travel experiences. Market penetration remains relatively low in emerging economies, representing a significant untapped potential for growth.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Business Jet Market
North America currently dominates the business jet market, accounting for xx% of the global market share in 2025. This dominance is primarily driven by a strong presence of major manufacturers, a well-established private aviation infrastructure, and high disposable income levels. Within the segment breakdown, the Large Jet category demonstrates strong growth potential driven by corporate requirements for high passenger capacity and long-range capabilities. However, the Light Jet segment is witnessing increased adoption due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness for shorter trips. Europe and Asia-Pacific regions also exhibit significant growth potential, fueled by the expansion of the high-net-worth individual segment and ongoing infrastructural development.
- North America: Strong manufacturing base, established infrastructure, and high disposable incomes.
- Europe: Growing demand from businesses and high-net-worth individuals.
- Asia-Pacific: Rapid economic growth and rising private aviation adoption.
- Large Jet Segment: High passenger capacity and long-range capabilities are key drivers.
- Light Jet Segment: Cost-effectiveness and versatility are attractive features for shorter flights.
Business Jet Market Product Landscape
The business jet market showcases continuous innovation, focusing on enhanced fuel efficiency, improved aerodynamics, advanced avionics, and luxurious cabin interiors. Manufacturers are incorporating cutting-edge technologies like advanced flight control systems, improved cabin management systems, and enhanced connectivity options (e.g., in-flight Wi-Fi, satellite communication). Unique selling propositions revolve around comfort, speed, efficiency, and customization capabilities. Technological advancements focus on reducing operating costs, increasing range, and enhancing passenger experience.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Business Jet Market
Key Drivers:
- Rising disposable incomes among high-net-worth individuals.
- Increasing business travel needs for enhanced convenience and privacy.
- Technological advancements leading to more fuel-efficient and technologically advanced aircraft.
- Government initiatives promoting private aviation in several regions.
Key Challenges & Restraints:
- High initial investment costs and ongoing operational expenses limit market accessibility.
- Stringent safety regulations and environmental concerns necessitate significant investments in compliance.
- Fluctuations in fuel prices and economic downturns can significantly impact demand.
- Supply chain disruptions cause delays in production and increase manufacturing costs. (xx% impact estimated in 2024).
Emerging Opportunities in Business Jet Market
- Fractional ownership models: Increase accessibility to the luxury segment for a broader customer base.
- Charter services and on-demand flights: Cater to a wider segment needing flexible travel options.
- Expansion into emerging markets: Tap into the growing number of high-net-worth individuals in developing economies.
- Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) adoption: Reducing carbon footprint and improving environmental impact.
Growth Accelerators in the Business Jet Market Industry
Technological advancements, particularly in engine technology and materials science, are significant growth catalysts. Strategic partnerships between manufacturers and operators are expanding market reach and improving service offerings. The expansion of air traffic management systems and infrastructure in emerging markets is driving market growth.
Key Players Shaping the Business Jet Market Market
- Textron Inc
- Dassault Aviation
- General Dynamics Corporation
- Embraer
- Airbus SE
- The Boeing Company
- Cirrus Design Corporation
- Pilatus Aircraft Ltd
- Bombardier Inc
- Honda Motor Co Ltd
Notable Milestones in Business Jet Market Sector
- October 2023: Textron Aviation's agreement with Fly Alliance for up to 36 Cessna Citation jets signifies increased demand in the charter segment.
- June 2023: Gulfstream's St. Louis expansion demonstrates commitment to enhancing production capacity and operational efficiency.
- June 2023: Gulfstream G280 certification for La Môle airport expands operational reach and caters to a wider range of destinations.
In-Depth Business Jet Market Market Outlook
The business jet market is poised for continued growth, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand from high-net-worth individuals and corporations. Strategic partnerships and focus on sustainable practices will be crucial for long-term success. Opportunities lie in expanding into emerging markets and developing innovative service models to cater to evolving consumer preferences. The market’s future potential is significant, particularly in regions with growing economies and expanding aviation infrastructure.
Business Jet Market Segmentation
-
1. Body Type
- 1.1. Large Jet
- 1.2. Light Jet
- 1.3. Mid-Size Jet
Business Jet Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Mexico
-
2. South America
- 2.1. Brazil
- 2.2. Argentina
- 2.3. Rest of South America
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. United Kingdom
- 3.2. Germany
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. Russia
- 3.7. Benelux
- 3.8. Nordics
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. Middle East & Africa
- 4.1. Turkey
- 4.2. Israel
- 4.3. GCC
- 4.4. North Africa
- 4.5. South Africa
- 4.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa
-
5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. China
- 5.2. India
- 5.3. Japan
- 5.4. South Korea
- 5.5. ASEAN
- 5.6. Oceania
- 5.7. Rest of Asia Pacific

Business Jet Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 0.04% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 5.1.1. Large Jet
- 5.1.2. Light Jet
- 5.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. South America
- 5.2.3. Europe
- 5.2.4. Middle East & Africa
- 5.2.5. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 6. North America Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 6.1.1. Large Jet
- 6.1.2. Light Jet
- 6.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 7. South America Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 7.1.1. Large Jet
- 7.1.2. Light Jet
- 7.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 8. Europe Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 8.1.1. Large Jet
- 8.1.2. Light Jet
- 8.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 9. Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 9.1.1. Large Jet
- 9.1.2. Light Jet
- 9.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 10. Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 10.1.1. Large Jet
- 10.1.2. Light Jet
- 10.1.3. Mid-Size Jet
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Body Type
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Textron Inc
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Dassault Aviation
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 General Dynamics Corporation
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Embraer
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Airbus SE
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 The Boeing Compan
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Cirrus Design Corporation
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Pilatus Aircraft Ltd
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 Bombardier Inc
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 Honda Motor Co Ltd
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Textron Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: South America Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: South America Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: South America Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: South America Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Europe Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Body Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: United States Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Canada Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Mexico Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Brazil Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Argentina Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of South America Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: United Kingdom Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Germany Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: France Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Italy Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Spain Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Russia Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Benelux Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Nordics Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Europe Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Turkey Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Israel Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: GCC Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: North Africa Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: South Africa Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Rest of Middle East & Africa Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Body Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Global Business Jet Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: China Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: India Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Japan Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: South Korea Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: ASEAN Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Oceania Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Rest of Asia Pacific Business Jet Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Business Jet Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 0.04%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Business Jet Market?
Key companies in the market include Textron Inc, Dassault Aviation, General Dynamics Corporation, Embraer, Airbus SE, The Boeing Compan, Cirrus Design Corporation, Pilatus Aircraft Ltd, Bombardier Inc, Honda Motor Co Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Business Jet Market?
The market segments include Body Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
N/A
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
N/A
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
October 2023: Textron Aviation announced that it entered a purchase agreement with Fly Alliance for up to 20 Cessna Citation business jets, with options for 16 additional aircraft. Fly Alliance is expected to use the aircraft for its luxury private jet charter operations. It expected the delivery of the first aircraft, an XLS Gen2, in 2023.June 2023: Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. announced further expansion of its completions and outfitting operations at St. Louis Downtown Airport. With this latest expansion, Gulfstream expects to increase operations at the site while modernizing its existing spaces by adding new, state-of-the-art equipment and tooling, representing a total capital investment of USD 28.5 million.June 2023: Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. announced that the super-midsize Gulfstream G280 was cleared for operations at France’s Airport of the Gulf of Saint-Tropez located in La Môle. The aircraft recently flew several takeoff and landing demonstrations at the short-field airport.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Business Jet Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Business Jet Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Business Jet Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Business Jet Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence