Key Insights
The Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage industry is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.20% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several factors. The burgeoning e-commerce sector across the region necessitates efficient warehousing and logistics solutions, fueling demand for automated guided vehicle systems (AGVs), automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), conveyor and sortation systems, and robotic systems. Furthermore, the growth of manufacturing, particularly in the automotive and healthcare sectors, is a significant contributor. Increased infrastructure development and government initiatives promoting industrialization in key countries like the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa are further boosting market demand. While challenges exist, such as the initial high investment costs associated with automation and the need for skilled labor, the long-term benefits of improved efficiency and reduced operational costs are outweighing these constraints. The market segmentation reveals a strong demand across various end-user applications, with the automotive, retail, and transportation & logistics sectors leading the way. The diverse range of operational types, from packaging and assembly to storage, handling, distribution, and transportation, indicates the industry's broad applicability and potential for future expansion. Key players, including Kardex AG, SSI Schaefer, and Dematic Group, are actively shaping the market landscape through technological innovation and strategic partnerships.
The forecast for the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage market indicates a significant expansion over the next decade. The adoption of advanced technologies, including AI-powered robotics and sophisticated warehouse management systems (WMS), will further accelerate growth. The increasing focus on sustainability and the integration of green technologies into materials handling processes present opportunities for specialized solutions. Regional variations in market dynamics exist, with countries like the UAE and Saudi Arabia exhibiting particularly strong growth due to their large-scale infrastructure projects and investments in logistics. The continued expansion of e-commerce across the continent will drive demand for automated solutions in smaller markets as well, presenting a positive outlook for the industry's future. Competitive analysis shows a mix of global and regional players, highlighting the need for both established companies and newcomers to adapt to the region's unique demands and opportunities.

Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage industry, offering invaluable insights for businesses, investors, and industry professionals. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025, this report meticulously examines market dynamics, growth trends, dominant segments, and key players, projecting future market potential. The report uses Million Units as the measurement for all values.
Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Market Dynamics & Structure
The Middle East and Africa materials handling and storage market is characterized by a moderately fragmented landscape, with a mix of multinational corporations and regional players. Market concentration is relatively low, with no single dominant player commanding a significant majority share. However, larger companies like Kardex AG, SSI Schaefer, and Toyota Material Handling hold substantial market shares, benefiting from their global reach and established brand reputation. The market is witnessing significant technological innovation, primarily driven by the increasing adoption of automation technologies such as AGVs and AS/RS. Regulatory frameworks vary across countries, impacting market dynamics. For instance, stricter safety regulations in certain nations drive demand for sophisticated, safety-compliant systems. Furthermore, competitive product substitutes like improved manual handling equipment pose a challenge.
- Market Concentration: Moderately fragmented, with no dominant player. Top 5 players hold approximately xx% of market share (2024).
- Technological Innovation: Strong adoption of automation (AGVs, AS/RS), driven by efficiency gains and labor cost considerations.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Vary significantly across countries; impacting safety standards and compliance requirements.
- Competitive Substitutes: Improved manual handling equipment presents a competitive challenge.
- End-user Demographics: Growth is primarily driven by manufacturing, logistics, and retail sectors.
- M&A Trends: Moderate M&A activity, with larger players strategically acquiring smaller companies for technological advancements and market expansion; approximately xx deals concluded in the last 5 years.
Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Growth Trends & Insights
The Middle East and Africa materials handling and storage market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by expanding industrialization, e-commerce boom, and infrastructural development. Market size has witnessed a CAGR of xx% during the historical period (2019-2024), reaching xx million units in 2024. The forecast period (2025-2033) projects a CAGR of xx%, with the market size expected to reach xx million units by 2033. This growth is partly attributed to the increasing adoption of automated systems, driven by the need for enhanced efficiency and reduced operational costs. Technological disruptions, such as the emergence of AI-powered robotics and advanced data analytics solutions, are further accelerating market expansion. Changes in consumer behavior, including a preference for faster delivery times and increased demand for customized services, also contribute to the market's growth trajectory. Specific metrics for adoption rates show a significant increase in automated systems within the logistics sector, exceeding xx% in several key countries within the region.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry
The UAE and Saudi Arabia are the leading markets in the Middle East and Africa region, driven by their robust economic growth, expanding industrial sectors, and significant investments in infrastructure development. South Africa also holds a prominent position, fueled by its diversified economy and growing logistics sector. Within the segments, Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) and Conveyor & Sortation Systems are experiencing significant growth, driven by the rising demand for efficient warehouse management and supply chain optimization. The Transportation & Logistics end-user application sector dominates the market, reflecting the region's reliance on efficient material handling for import/export operations and domestic distribution networks.
- Leading Countries: UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey.
- Leading Segments: AS/RS, Conveyor & Sortation Systems, and AGV Systems.
- Leading End-user Application: Transportation & Logistics.
- Key Growth Drivers: Economic growth, infrastructural development, expanding e-commerce, and government initiatives promoting industrialization.
Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Product Landscape
The product landscape is characterized by a wide range of equipment, from traditional forklifts and conveyors to advanced automated systems. Recent innovations focus on enhancing efficiency, safety, and connectivity. The integration of IoT and AI capabilities is a key trend, allowing for real-time tracking, predictive maintenance, and improved operational insights. Unique selling propositions for many products often center on reducing operational costs, improving safety standards, and increasing overall efficiency.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry
Key Drivers: Increasing industrialization, rising e-commerce penetration, growing urbanization, and supportive government policies promoting infrastructural development are key drivers. The increasing focus on supply chain optimization across various sectors is also positively influencing the market.
Challenges: High initial investment costs for automated systems can be a barrier to entry for smaller businesses. Furthermore, the scarcity of skilled labor in certain regions can hinder the implementation and maintenance of advanced technologies. Lastly, the fluctuating oil prices and geopolitical instability in certain regions also affect investment decisions and market stability. Supply chain disruptions, particularly experienced during the recent global crises, also caused delays and increased costs.
Emerging Opportunities in Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry
Untapped market potential exists in smaller and developing economies within the region. The growing adoption of Industry 4.0 principles presents opportunities for integrating smart technologies into warehousing and logistics operations. Furthermore, emerging e-commerce sectors across the continent open vast possibilities for last-mile delivery solutions and efficient package handling technologies. Lastly, focusing on sustainable and eco-friendly handling solutions is a significant emerging trend.
Growth Accelerators in the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Industry
Long-term growth is likely to be propelled by advancements in robotics and AI, leading to more efficient and flexible automation solutions. Strategic partnerships between technology providers and logistics companies can greatly accelerate market adoption and integration. Continued infrastructure development and investment in industrial zones across the region will further expand the market's potential.
Key Players Shaping the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Market
- Kardex AG
- SSI Schaefer
- Coesia Middle East DMCC (Flexlink)
- Toyota Material Handling
- Murata Machinery USA Inc
- Mecalux S A
- Dematic Group
- PCM ME (FZC)
- Swisslog Holdings AG
- Beumer Group
Notable Milestones in Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Sector
- August 2022: DP World UAE's agreement to build two new food processing units in Dubai significantly boosts the demand for efficient materials handling solutions within the F&B sector.
- May 2022: The USD 10 billion industrial partnership between Egypt, Jordan, and the UAE fuels massive investments in various sectors, creating significant demand for materials handling equipment across different industries.
In-Depth Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Market Outlook
The Middle East and Africa materials handling and storage market is poised for sustained growth over the forecast period. The confluence of technological advancements, economic expansion, and supportive government initiatives creates a favorable environment for continued market expansion. Strategic investments in automation, coupled with the region's growing logistics sector and e-commerce boom, present significant opportunities for market players. The focus on supply chain optimization and the adoption of sustainable solutions will further shape the market landscape.
Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Segmentation
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1. Equipment
-
1.1. Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGV Systems)
- 1.1.1. Unit Load Carriers
- 1.1.2. Tow Vehicles
- 1.1.3. Pallet Trucks
- 1.1.4. Assembly Line Vehicles
- 1.1.5. Fork Lift Vehicles
- 1.1.6. Clamp Vehicles
- 1.1.7. Other AGV Systems
-
1.2. Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
- 1.2.1. Unit Load AS/RS
- 1.2.2. Mini Load AS/RS
- 1.2.3. Carousel Type AS/RS
- 1.2.4. Robotic AS/RS
- 1.2.5. Tunnel Style Systems
- 1.2.6. Other AS/RS
-
1.3. Conveyor and Sortation Systems
- 1.3.1. Belt
- 1.3.2. Screw
- 1.3.3. Overhead
- 1.3.4. Crescent
- 1.3.5. Roller
- 1.3.6. Other Conveyor and Sortation Systems
-
1.4. Robotic Systems
- 1.4.1. Palletizing
- 1.4.2. Pick & Place Service
- 1.4.3. Case Packing
- 1.4.4. Other Robotic Systems
-
1.1. Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGV Systems)
-
2. End-user Application
- 2.1. Automotive
- 2.2. Retail
- 2.3. Transportation & Logistics
- 2.4. Healthcare & Lifesciences
- 2.5. Manufacturing
- 2.6. Energy
- 2.7. Other End-user Applications
-
3. Type of Operation
- 3.1. Packaging
- 3.2. Assembly
- 3.3. Storage & Handling
- 3.4. Distribution
- 3.5. Transportation
- 3.6. Other Types of Operation
Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Middle East
- 1.1. Saudi Arabia
- 1.2. United Arab Emirates
- 1.3. Israel
- 1.4. Qatar
- 1.5. Kuwait
- 1.6. Oman
- 1.7. Bahrain
- 1.8. Jordan
- 1.9. Lebanon

Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 11.20% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Established e-commerce Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Cost of Infrastructure set up
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growing E-commerce in Middle East and Africa is Expected to Drive the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Equipment
- 5.1.1. Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGV Systems)
- 5.1.1.1. Unit Load Carriers
- 5.1.1.2. Tow Vehicles
- 5.1.1.3. Pallet Trucks
- 5.1.1.4. Assembly Line Vehicles
- 5.1.1.5. Fork Lift Vehicles
- 5.1.1.6. Clamp Vehicles
- 5.1.1.7. Other AGV Systems
- 5.1.2. Automated Storage & Retrieval Systems (AS/RS)
- 5.1.2.1. Unit Load AS/RS
- 5.1.2.2. Mini Load AS/RS
- 5.1.2.3. Carousel Type AS/RS
- 5.1.2.4. Robotic AS/RS
- 5.1.2.5. Tunnel Style Systems
- 5.1.2.6. Other AS/RS
- 5.1.3. Conveyor and Sortation Systems
- 5.1.3.1. Belt
- 5.1.3.2. Screw
- 5.1.3.3. Overhead
- 5.1.3.4. Crescent
- 5.1.3.5. Roller
- 5.1.3.6. Other Conveyor and Sortation Systems
- 5.1.4. Robotic Systems
- 5.1.4.1. Palletizing
- 5.1.4.2. Pick & Place Service
- 5.1.4.3. Case Packing
- 5.1.4.4. Other Robotic Systems
- 5.1.1. Automated Guided Vehicle Systems (AGV Systems)
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Application
- 5.2.1. Automotive
- 5.2.2. Retail
- 5.2.3. Transportation & Logistics
- 5.2.4. Healthcare & Lifesciences
- 5.2.5. Manufacturing
- 5.2.6. Energy
- 5.2.7. Other End-user Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type of Operation
- 5.3.1. Packaging
- 5.3.2. Assembly
- 5.3.3. Storage & Handling
- 5.3.4. Distribution
- 5.3.5. Transportation
- 5.3.6. Other Types of Operation
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Middle East
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Equipment
- 6. South Africa Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Sudan Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Uganda Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Tanzania Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Kenya Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Rest of Africa Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Competitive Analysis
- 12.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1 Kardex AG
- 12.2.1.1. Overview
- 12.2.1.2. Products
- 12.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.2 SSI Schaefer
- 12.2.2.1. Overview
- 12.2.2.2. Products
- 12.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.3 Coesia Middle East DMCC (Flexlink)
- 12.2.3.1. Overview
- 12.2.3.2. Products
- 12.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.4 Toyota Material Handling
- 12.2.4.1. Overview
- 12.2.4.2. Products
- 12.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.5 Murata Machinery USA Inc
- 12.2.5.1. Overview
- 12.2.5.2. Products
- 12.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.6 Mecalux S A
- 12.2.6.1. Overview
- 12.2.6.2. Products
- 12.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.7 Dematic Group
- 12.2.7.1. Overview
- 12.2.7.2. Products
- 12.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.8 PCM ME (FZC)*List Not Exhaustive
- 12.2.8.1. Overview
- 12.2.8.2. Products
- 12.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.9 Swisslog Holdings AG
- 12.2.9.1. Overview
- 12.2.9.2. Products
- 12.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.10 Beumer Group
- 12.2.10.1. Overview
- 12.2.10.2. Products
- 12.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 12.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 12.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 12.2.1 Kardex AG
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Equipment 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type of Operation 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: South Africa Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Sudan Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Uganda Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Tanzania Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Kenya Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Africa Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Equipment 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Type of Operation 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Saudi Arabia Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United Arab Emirates Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Israel Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Qatar Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Kuwait Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Oman Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Bahrain Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Jordan Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Lebanon Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 11.20%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry?
Key companies in the market include Kardex AG, SSI Schaefer, Coesia Middle East DMCC (Flexlink), Toyota Material Handling, Murata Machinery USA Inc, Mecalux S A, Dematic Group, PCM ME (FZC)*List Not Exhaustive, Swisslog Holdings AG, Beumer Group.
3. What are the main segments of the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry?
The market segments include Equipment, End-user Application, Type of Operation.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Established e-commerce Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growing E-commerce in Middle East and Africa is Expected to Drive the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Cost of Infrastructure set up.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2022: DP World UAE announced an agreement with multinational firms to build two new food processing units in Dubai. DP World UAE's Food and Agriculture Terminal at the Jebel Ali Port has positioned Dubai as a key gateway for global trade in the F&B sector. Dubai's external foodstuff trade jumped 11% year-on-year to reach AED 57 billion (USD 15.52 billion) in 2021 compared to AED 51.4 billion (USD 14 billion) in 2020.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Middle East and Africa Materials Handling and Storage Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence