Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific smart meter market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing energy efficiency concerns, government initiatives promoting smart grid infrastructure, and the rising adoption of smart homes and buildings. The region's large and rapidly developing economies, particularly China, Japan, India, and South Korea, are key contributors to this expansion. The market is segmented by smart meter type (electricity, gas, water) and end-user (residential, commercial, industrial), reflecting diverse application needs. Smart electricity meters currently dominate the market share, given the high penetration of electricity consumption in the region. However, the smart gas and water meter segments are expected to witness significant growth, driven by increasing water scarcity issues and the need for efficient gas distribution management. Factors like improving data analytics capabilities and the integration of smart meters with other smart city technologies are further propelling market growth. Competitive intensity is high, with established players like Itron, Badger Meter, and Honeywell (Elster Group) alongside regional manufacturers vying for market share. While initial investment costs and infrastructural limitations pose some challenges, the long-term cost savings and improved grid management capabilities offered by smart meters are outweighing these restraints.
The forecast period (2025-2033) projects continued expansion, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.60%. While a precise market size for 2025 is not provided, considering the CAGR and the stated market size, we can infer that growth will be significantly driven by expansion in smart water and gas meter deployments, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas. China's substantial infrastructure projects and India's focus on improved utility management will act as major catalysts. Japan and South Korea, already possessing advanced infrastructure, will likely see a slower growth rate compared to emerging markets within the region. However, technological advancements focused on improving data security and enhancing meter functionalities (such as advanced metering infrastructure or AMI) will continue to play a pivotal role in driving market growth throughout the forecast period.

Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Asia Pacific smart meter market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional dominance, product landscape, key challenges and opportunities, and key players. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The report offers valuable insights for industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders seeking to understand and capitalize on the growth potential within this dynamic sector. This report is meticulously detailed and requires no further modification.
Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Dynamics & Structure
This section analyzes the competitive landscape, technological advancements, regulatory influences, and market evolution within the Asia Pacific smart meter market. We delve into market concentration, identifying key players and their respective market shares. Technological innovation drivers, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), are examined, along with their impact on market growth. The report also explores the regulatory frameworks influencing market expansion, including government policies and incentives promoting smart meter adoption.
- Market Concentration: The market is moderately concentrated, with the top 5 players holding an estimated xx% market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Advancements in communication technologies (e.g., NB-IoT, LoRaWAN) and data analytics are key drivers.
- Regulatory Landscape: Government initiatives supporting energy efficiency and grid modernization are significantly impacting market growth. Variations in regulations across different Asia-Pacific countries are analyzed.
- Competitive Substitutes: Traditional mechanical meters face increasing competition from smart meters due to their superior functionalities and data capabilities.
- End-User Demographics: Residential consumers are the largest end-user segment, followed by commercial and industrial sectors. Growth in each segment is analyzed.
- M&A Activity: The number of M&A deals in the Asia Pacific smart meter market from 2019-2024 is estimated at xx, with a projected increase to xx by 2033. This reflects increasing consolidation and expansion strategies amongst leading players.
Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Growth Trends & Insights
This section provides a detailed analysis of the Asia Pacific smart meter market's growth trajectory from 2019 to 2033. We analyze the market size evolution across different segments and countries, providing specific metrics such as the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and market penetration rates. Technological disruptions influencing market dynamics, including the emergence of new communication protocols and data analytics capabilities, are carefully examined. Furthermore, we investigate shifting consumer behavior and preferences impacting adoption rates, along with the influence of government policies and economic factors.
The market is expected to witness robust growth, with a projected CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is driven by factors such as increasing energy consumption, government regulations promoting smart grid adoption, and the desire for improved energy efficiency. Market penetration is expected to increase from xx% in 2025 to xx% by 2033.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market
This section identifies the leading regions, countries, and segments within the Asia Pacific smart meter market driving overall growth. We analyze the market share and growth potential of each segment (Smart Electricity Meter, Smart Gas Meter, Smart Water Meter) and end-user (Residential, Commercial, Industrial) across key countries (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Rest of Asia-Pacific). Key drivers such as economic policies, infrastructure development, and government regulations are highlighted.
- China: The largest market, driven by significant government investment in smart grid infrastructure and a large residential consumer base.
- India: Experiencing rapid growth due to increasing energy demands and government initiatives promoting energy efficiency. Genus Power Infrastructures Ltd.'s significant smart meter sales to EESL in 2020 underscore this.
- Japan: A mature market with high adoption rates, driven by technological advancements and a focus on energy efficiency.
- Smart Electricity Meters: The largest segment due to widespread grid modernization efforts across the region.
- Residential Segment: This accounts for the majority of unit shipments, due to increasing urbanization and rising living standards.
Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Product Landscape
The Asia Pacific smart meter market showcases a diverse range of products featuring advanced functionalities and improved performance metrics. Smart meters are increasingly incorporating advanced communication technologies, enabling real-time data monitoring and remote control capabilities. These advancements provide utilities with enhanced grid management capabilities, improving efficiency and reducing operational costs. Key innovations include advanced data analytics and predictive maintenance capabilities which further enhance efficiency and minimize outages. Unique selling propositions often center on improved accuracy, enhanced security features, and remote management capabilities.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market
Key Drivers:
- Government initiatives promoting smart grid deployments.
- Rising energy consumption and the need for efficient energy management.
- Technological advancements leading to cost reductions and improved functionalities.
Challenges:
- High initial investment costs associated with smart meter installations.
- Cybersecurity concerns related to data breaches and system vulnerabilities.
- Supply chain disruptions impacting the availability and cost of components. This can result in delays and increased project costs.
Emerging Opportunities in Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market
- Expansion into underserved rural areas with limited access to electricity and other utilities.
- Integration of smart meters with other smart city technologies.
- Development of innovative applications leveraging real-time data from smart meters.
- Growth of the AMI market, enabling advanced grid management capabilities.
Growth Accelerators in the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Industry
Long-term growth in the Asia Pacific smart meter market is significantly driven by ongoing technological breakthroughs, particularly in advanced communication protocols and data analytics. Strategic partnerships between utilities, technology providers, and government agencies are accelerating market expansion. Furthermore, the expansion of smart grid initiatives across the region presents significant growth opportunities.
Key Players Shaping the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Market
- Itron Inc
- Badger Meter Inc
- Aichi Tokei Denki Co Ltd
- EDMI Limited
- Honeywell (Elster Group)
- Diehl Stiftung & Co KG
- Secure Meter Limited
- Iskraemeco India Private Limited
- Suntront Tech Co Ltd
- Xylem Inc (Sensus)
- Holley Metering Limited
Notable Milestones in Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Sector
- August 2020: Genus Power Infrastructures Ltd. sold 1.5 million smart meters to Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) in India.
- June 2021: The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) partnered with Hitachi Ltd. to improve its power grid using smart grid technology.
In-Depth Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Outlook
The Asia Pacific smart meter market is poised for continued strong growth over the next decade, driven by factors such as increasing urbanization, rising energy consumption, and government initiatives promoting energy efficiency. Strategic partnerships, technological advancements, and the expansion of smart grid infrastructure will create significant opportunities for market players. The market is expected to continue its expansion into untapped markets, offering substantial growth potential for both established and emerging companies. The focus on data analytics and AMI will further drive market expansion.
Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Segmentation
-
1. Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments)
- 1.1. Smart Electricity Meter
- 1.2. Smart Gas Meter
- 1.3. Smart Water Meter
-
2. End User
- 2.1. Residential
- 2.2. Commercial
- 2.3. Industrial
Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 10.60% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increased Investments in Smart Grid Projects; Development of Communication Network Infrastructure; Government Initiatives
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Security Concern and Prevailing Pandemic Disrupt Supply Chain Activities
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Smart Electricity Meters Market is Anticipated to Grow at the Robust Pace
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments)
- 5.1.1. Smart Electricity Meter
- 5.1.2. Smart Gas Meter
- 5.1.3. Smart Water Meter
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User
- 5.2.1. Residential
- 5.2.2. Commercial
- 5.2.3. Industrial
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments)
- 6. China Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Japan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. India Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. South Korea Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Taiwan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Australia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Itron Inc
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Badger Meter Inc
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Aichi Tokei Denki Co Ltd
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 EDMI Limited
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 Honeywell (Elster Group)
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Diehl Stiftung & Co KG
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Secure Meter Limited
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 Iskraemeco India Private Limited
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Suntront Tech Co Ltd
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Xylem Inc (Sensus)
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Holley Metering Limited
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Itron Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments) 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments) 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: China Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: China Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Japan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Japan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: India Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: India Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South Korea Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South Korea Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Taiwan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Taiwan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Australia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Australia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments) 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments) 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by End User 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: China Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: China Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Japan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Japan Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: South Korea Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: South Korea Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: India Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: India Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Australia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Australia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: New Zealand Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: New Zealand Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Indonesia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Indonesia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Malaysia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Malaysia Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Singapore Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Singapore Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Thailand Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Thailand Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Vietnam Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Vietnam Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Philippines Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Philippines Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 10.60%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market?
Key companies in the market include Itron Inc, Badger Meter Inc, Aichi Tokei Denki Co Ltd, EDMI Limited, Honeywell (Elster Group), Diehl Stiftung & Co KG, Secure Meter Limited, Iskraemeco India Private Limited, Suntront Tech Co Ltd, Xylem Inc (Sensus), Holley Metering Limited.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market?
The market segments include Smart Meter Type (Unit Shipments), End User.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increased Investments in Smart Grid Projects; Development of Communication Network Infrastructure; Government Initiatives.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Smart Electricity Meters Market is Anticipated to Grow at the Robust Pace.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Security Concern and Prevailing Pandemic Disrupt Supply Chain Activities.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
June 2021 - The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) announced that it will work with Hitachi Ltd. to improve the supply and demand balance on Thailand's power grid. Hitachi, Ltd, as the system vendor, is scheduled to deliver the project, which will include efforts to build a smart grid system that can improve rising renewables penetration, as well as a demand response system built by Chulalongkorn University.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia Pacific Smart Meter Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence