Key Insights
The Southeast Asia oil and gas engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) industry presents a dynamic landscape characterized by moderate growth and significant regional variations. The market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025 (assuming a logical extrapolation based on the provided CAGR of 2.56% and a base year of 2025), is projected to expand steadily through 2033. Key drivers include increasing energy demand fueled by robust economic growth across the region, particularly in rapidly industrializing nations like Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Government initiatives promoting energy security and infrastructure development further bolster this growth. However, fluctuations in global oil prices and the ongoing transition toward renewable energy sources pose significant restraints. The upstream sector, encompassing exploration and production activities, is expected to contribute a substantial portion of market value, followed by midstream (pipelines and storage) and downstream (refining and petrochemicals). Competition is intense, with both international EPC giants like Bechtel, Samsung Engineering, and TechnipFMC, and regional players like PT Indika Energy and PT Rekayasa Industri vying for projects. The Asia-Pacific region, specifically Southeast Asia, holds considerable promise due to its extensive untapped oil and gas reserves and expanding energy infrastructure needs. The industry's success hinges on strategic partnerships, technological advancements, and effective risk management strategies to navigate the evolving energy landscape.
The competitive landscape is dominated by a mix of multinational corporations and local players. While larger companies benefit from global expertise and financial resources, regional players possess a deeper understanding of local regulations and market dynamics. This necessitates a nuanced approach from both types of companies, requiring adaptable strategies that balance cost-effectiveness, technological innovation, and a strong understanding of the local context. Strategic alliances and mergers & acquisitions will likely increase to improve competitiveness and access new technologies. Focus on environmentally conscious projects and initiatives emphasizing carbon capture and storage will become increasingly important as governments and investors place greater emphasis on sustainability. Moreover, future growth depends on the effective management of geopolitical risks, infrastructure development challenges, and fluctuations in commodity prices.

Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry: 2019-2033 Market Report
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Southeast Asia Oil & Gas Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It offers invaluable insights into market dynamics, growth trends, key players, and future opportunities for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers. The report leverages extensive data and expert analysis to paint a clear picture of this dynamic sector.
Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Market Dynamics & Structure
The Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape with a mix of international giants and regional players. Market share is influenced by project size, technological capabilities, and regional presence. Technological innovation, particularly in subsea engineering and digitalization, is a key driver, while regulatory frameworks and environmental concerns present both challenges and opportunities. The industry witnesses frequent mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity, driven by the need for scale and diversification. Substitute technologies like renewable energy sources exert growing competitive pressure, especially in downstream segments. End-user demographics, primarily national oil companies and private sector operators, influence project demands and project characteristics.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share (2024).
- M&A Activity: xx deals valued at approximately USD xx Million recorded between 2019-2024.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on digitalization, subsea technologies, and carbon capture & storage (CCS).
- Regulatory Framework: Varying across nations; impacting project approvals and environmental compliance.
- Competitive Substitutes: Renewable energy sources increasingly competitive in downstream segments.
- End-User Demographics: Dominated by national oil companies (NOCs) and international oil companies (IOCs).
Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Growth Trends & Insights
The Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC market experienced growth in the historical period (2019-2024), driven by increasing energy demand and significant investments in upstream and midstream projects. While the base year (2025) reflects a potential slowdown, a steady recovery and growth is projected for the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is influenced by various factors including regional economic growth, government policies, exploration and production activities, and evolving energy demand. Technological advancements, particularly in efficiency and automation, will contribute to overall market expansion. Market penetration of advanced technologies, such as digital twins and AI-powered predictive maintenance, will be a key indicator of industry progress in the forecast period.
- Market Size (USD Million): 2019: xx, 2024: xx, 2025: xx, 2033 (Estimated): xx
- CAGR (2025-2033): xx%
- Market Penetration of Digital Technologies (2025): xx%

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry
Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam currently dominate the Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC market. This dominance stems from significant hydrocarbon reserves, established infrastructure, and supportive government policies promoting energy sector investments. The Upstream segment holds the largest market share, driven by exploration and production activities. However, the Midstream and Downstream segments present significant growth potential, particularly with increasing investment in refinery modernization and petrochemical projects. Indonesia's vast reserves and ongoing development projects propel its leading position, while Malaysia's established infrastructure and downstream sector strength contribute to its dominance. Vietnam’s growing energy needs and exploration efforts are contributing factors to its position.
- Key Drivers:
- Indonesia: Extensive hydrocarbon reserves, large-scale infrastructure development.
- Malaysia: Strong downstream sector, established infrastructure and expertise.
- Vietnam: Growing energy demands, exploration and production activities.
- Dominant Segment: Upstream (Market share: xx% in 2024).
- Growth Potential: Significant potential in midstream and downstream, especially refinery upgrades and petrochemical investments.
Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Product Landscape
The product landscape is characterized by a wide range of services and technologies, including engineering design, procurement of equipment and materials, and construction management for upstream, midstream, and downstream projects. Recent technological advancements encompass the adoption of digital twins for project planning and execution, the integration of automation and robotics for increased efficiency, and the implementation of sophisticated data analytics for improved risk management and cost optimization. These innovations enhance project efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve safety outcomes, thus driving industry transformation.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry
Key Drivers:
- Growing energy demand fueled by economic growth.
- Significant investments in oil and gas exploration and production.
- Government initiatives and policies promoting infrastructure development.
- Technological advancements driving efficiency and reducing costs.
Key Challenges:
- Geopolitical instability and regulatory uncertainties.
- Skilled labor shortages and rising labor costs.
- Supply chain disruptions and material price volatility (estimated impact: USD xx Million in lost revenue in 2024).
- Intense competition from both regional and international players.
Emerging Opportunities in Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry
- Expansion into renewable energy projects (e.g., offshore wind farms).
- Increased focus on carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.
- Growth in the petrochemical sector with rising demand for plastics and other materials.
- Adoption of innovative technologies such as 3D printing and advanced robotics.
Growth Accelerators in the Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Industry
The long-term growth of the Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC industry will be accelerated by several key factors, including the continued expansion of renewable energy integration with existing oil and gas infrastructure, strategic partnerships between international and regional companies, the adoption of advanced technologies for improved project execution and environmental sustainability, and a sustained focus on human capital development to address skilled labor shortages. Successful implementation of these factors will contribute to a robust and resilient industry in the coming decade.
Key Players Shaping the Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Market
- Bechtel Corporation
- Samsung Engineering Co Ltd
- PT Indika Energy Tbk
- P T Krakatau Engineering
- Sinopec Engineering (Group) Co Ltd
- PT Barata Indonesia (Persero)
- PT Meindo Elang Indah
- Petrofac Limited
- PT Rekayasa Industri
- Saipem SpA
- Fluor Corporation
- John Wood Group PLC
- PT JGC Indonesia
- TechnipFMC PLC
Notable Milestones in Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Sector
- August 2021: Hyundai Engineering Co. secured a USD 256 Million refinery revamp order from IRPC Pcl in Thailand. This signifies the increasing focus on cleaner fuel production and refinery modernization.
- 2020: The Indonesia Deepwater Development project, involving Chevron, Pertamina, Eni Indonesia, and Sinopec, commenced. This underscores the ongoing investments in challenging deepwater projects, demanding advanced technologies and EPC expertise.
In-Depth Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC Industry Market Outlook
The Southeast Asia Oil & Gas EPC industry is poised for continued growth driven by sustained energy demand and investments in upstream, midstream, and downstream projects. The integration of renewable energy into the existing infrastructure is expected to create a new wave of opportunities. Strategic partnerships will foster innovation and improve efficiency. The market's future success hinges on tackling the challenges of skills gaps, securing a resilient supply chain, and navigating evolving regulatory landscapes. Companies that embrace technological advancements and prioritize sustainability will be best positioned for long-term success.
Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Segmentation
-
1. Sector
- 1.1. Upstream
- 1.2. Midstream
- 1.3. Downstream
-
2. Geography
- 2.1. Indonesia
- 2.2. Malaysia
- 2.3. Thailand
- 2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Indonesia
- 2. Malaysia
- 3. Thailand
- 4. Rest of Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 2.56% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; The High Amount of Waste Generation in the Country4.; The growing Focus on Non-Fossil Fuel Sources
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; The Recycling Rate of Waste in Germany
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. The Downstream Sector to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 5.1.1. Upstream
- 5.1.2. Midstream
- 5.1.3. Downstream
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.2.1. Indonesia
- 5.2.2. Malaysia
- 5.2.3. Thailand
- 5.2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Indonesia
- 5.3.2. Malaysia
- 5.3.3. Thailand
- 5.3.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 6. Indonesia Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 6.1.1. Upstream
- 6.1.2. Midstream
- 6.1.3. Downstream
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.2.1. Indonesia
- 6.2.2. Malaysia
- 6.2.3. Thailand
- 6.2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 7. Malaysia Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 7.1.1. Upstream
- 7.1.2. Midstream
- 7.1.3. Downstream
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.2.1. Indonesia
- 7.2.2. Malaysia
- 7.2.3. Thailand
- 7.2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 8. Thailand Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 8.1.1. Upstream
- 8.1.2. Midstream
- 8.1.3. Downstream
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.2.1. Indonesia
- 8.2.2. Malaysia
- 8.2.3. Thailand
- 8.2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 9. Rest of Southeast Asia Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 9.1.1. Upstream
- 9.1.2. Midstream
- 9.1.3. Downstream
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.2.1. Indonesia
- 9.2.2. Malaysia
- 9.2.3. Thailand
- 9.2.4. Rest of Southeast Asia
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sector
- 10. China Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Japan Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. India Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. South Korea Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Taiwan Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Australia Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Rest of Asia-Pacific Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Competitive Analysis
- 17.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 17.2. Company Profiles
- 17.2.1 Bechtel Corporation
- 17.2.1.1. Overview
- 17.2.1.2. Products
- 17.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.2 Samsung Engineering Co Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
- 17.2.2.1. Overview
- 17.2.2.2. Products
- 17.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.3 PT Indika Energy Tbk
- 17.2.3.1. Overview
- 17.2.3.2. Products
- 17.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.4 P T Krakatau Engineering
- 17.2.4.1. Overview
- 17.2.4.2. Products
- 17.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.5 Sinopec Engineering (Group) Co Ltd
- 17.2.5.1. Overview
- 17.2.5.2. Products
- 17.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.6 PT Barata Indonesia (Persero)
- 17.2.6.1. Overview
- 17.2.6.2. Products
- 17.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.7 PT Meindo Elang Indah
- 17.2.7.1. Overview
- 17.2.7.2. Products
- 17.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.8 Petrofac Limited
- 17.2.8.1. Overview
- 17.2.8.2. Products
- 17.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.9 PT Rekayasa Industri
- 17.2.9.1. Overview
- 17.2.9.2. Products
- 17.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.10 Saipem SpA
- 17.2.10.1. Overview
- 17.2.10.2. Products
- 17.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.11 Fluor Corporation
- 17.2.11.1. Overview
- 17.2.11.2. Products
- 17.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.12 John Wood Group PLC
- 17.2.12.1. Overview
- 17.2.12.2. Products
- 17.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.13 PT JGC Indonesia
- 17.2.13.1. Overview
- 17.2.13.2. Products
- 17.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.14 TechnipFMC PLC
- 17.2.14.1. Overview
- 17.2.14.2. Products
- 17.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 17.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 17.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 17.2.1 Bechtel Corporation
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: China Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Japan Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: India Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: South Korea Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Taiwan Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Australia Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Rest of Asia-Pacific Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 2.56%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry?
Key companies in the market include Bechtel Corporation, Samsung Engineering Co Ltd*List Not Exhaustive, PT Indika Energy Tbk, P T Krakatau Engineering, Sinopec Engineering (Group) Co Ltd, PT Barata Indonesia (Persero), PT Meindo Elang Indah, Petrofac Limited, PT Rekayasa Industri, Saipem SpA, Fluor Corporation, John Wood Group PLC, PT JGC Indonesia, TechnipFMC PLC.
3. What are the main segments of the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry?
The market segments include Sector, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; The High Amount of Waste Generation in the Country4.; The growing Focus on Non-Fossil Fuel Sources.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
The Downstream Sector to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; The Recycling Rate of Waste in Germany.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In August 2021, Hyundai Engineering Co. won a USD 256 million order from Thailand's third-largest refiner, IRPC Pcl, to revamp its refinery with a total capacity of 215,000 barrels per day in Rayong. Hyundai Engineering Co. has to upgrade its refinery, allowing the Thai integrated petrochemical company to produce cleaner diesel of Euro V standard. The construction started in August 2021, and the refinery is expected to come into operation by 2024 with new facilities such as a Diesel Hydrotreating Unit (DHT) and upgraded existing plants.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Southeast Asia Oil and Gas EPC Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence