Key Insights
The global oxygen market, valued at $46.2 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 6% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The burgeoning healthcare sector, particularly the increasing demand for medical oxygen in hospitals and home healthcare settings, is a significant driver. Simultaneously, the industrial sector, encompassing metals and mining, chemical production, and oil and gas operations, relies heavily on oxygen for various processes, further bolstering market growth. Technological advancements leading to more efficient oxygen production and delivery systems are also contributing to this positive trajectory. The market is segmented by form (gas, liquid, solid), type (medical, industrial), and application (metals and mining, chemical industry, oil and gas, healthcare, pharmaceutical, other applications). While regional variations exist, the Asia-Pacific region, driven by rapid industrialization and population growth in countries like China and India, is anticipated to represent a substantial market share. The increasing adoption of cryogenic storage and transportation technologies is further facilitating market growth. However, price fluctuations in raw materials and stringent regulatory requirements pose potential challenges to market expansion.
The competitive landscape is characterized by both large multinational corporations and regional players. Companies like Air Liquide, Linde plc, Air Products Inc., and Messer Group are major players, leveraging their established distribution networks and technological capabilities to maintain market dominance. However, smaller regional players are emerging, particularly in rapidly growing economies, creating a dynamic competitive environment. The market is expected to witness strategic alliances, mergers, and acquisitions as companies strive to enhance their market share and geographical reach. Furthermore, the growing focus on sustainability and the adoption of environmentally friendly oxygen production methods will shape future market dynamics. The forecast period from 2025 to 2033 promises continued growth, driven by a confluence of factors indicating a promising outlook for the oxygen market.

Oxygen Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the global oxygen market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional dominance, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The report covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. This in-depth study caters to industry professionals, investors, and researchers seeking a thorough understanding of this vital market. The analysis considers various segments including parent market (Industrial Gases) and child market (Oxygen Market), providing granular insights into market size (in Million units), growth drivers, and challenges.
Oxygen Market Dynamics & Structure
The oxygen market, a significant segment within the industrial gases sector, exhibits a moderately consolidated structure. Major players, including Air Liquide, Linde plc, Air Products Inc., and Messer Group, hold substantial market shares, leveraging their extensive production networks and global reach. Technological innovations, particularly in air separation techniques (e.g., cryogenic distillation, membrane separation), are key drivers, while stringent regulatory frameworks concerning safety and environmental impact influence market operations. The market faces competition from alternative oxygen sources (e.g., oxygen concentrators for medical applications), though their market penetration remains limited in several applications.
- Market Concentration: Highly concentrated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% of the global market share (2025).
- Technological Innovation: Continuous advancements in air separation technologies drive efficiency and cost reductions.
- Regulatory Landscape: Stringent safety and environmental regulations shape market practices.
- Competitive Substitutes: Oxygen concentrators pose a limited threat, primarily in niche medical applications.
- M&A Activity: Significant M&A activity, reflected in xx deals (2019-2024), indicates market consolidation and expansion efforts. This includes large-scale acquisitions, such as Air Liquide’s acquisition of Sasol's air separation units in 2021.
Oxygen Market Growth Trends & Insights
The global oxygen market experienced robust growth during the historical period (2019-2024), primarily driven by increasing demand from key end-use sectors like metals & mining, healthcare, and the chemical industry. The market is projected to maintain a healthy CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching xx Million units by 2033. This growth trajectory reflects rising industrial output, expanding healthcare infrastructure, and the growing adoption of oxygen in various applications. Technological advancements in air separation technologies are further enhancing market efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Consumer behavior shifts towards environmentally sustainable practices, along with increasing awareness of safety standards, are also influencing market dynamics.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Oxygen Market
The Asia-Pacific region, particularly China and India, is expected to dominate the oxygen market throughout the forecast period due to rapid industrialization and population growth. The medical oxygen segment is witnessing rapid growth owing to increased healthcare spending and improving healthcare infrastructure. The industrial segment remains the largest, fuelled by growing demand from metals & mining and chemical production.
- Key Regional Drivers: Rapid industrialization in Asia-Pacific, expanding healthcare infrastructure globally.
- Segmental Dominance: Industrial segment holds the largest market share, followed by medical.
- Country-Specific Growth: China and India display the most significant growth potential due to burgeoning industrial sectors and rising populations.
- Market Share: Asia-Pacific region holding approximately xx% of the global market share in 2025.
Oxygen Market Product Landscape
The oxygen market offers oxygen in various forms (gas, liquid, solid) tailored to diverse applications. Technological advancements focus on enhancing purity, improving delivery systems (e.g., advanced cryogenic tanks), and developing sustainable production methods. Unique selling propositions often revolve around efficiency, reliability, and environmentally friendly operations.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Oxygen Market
Key Drivers:
- Increasing industrialization and urbanization.
- Growing healthcare sector and rising demand for medical oxygen.
- Technological advancements in air separation and delivery systems.
- Government initiatives to support industrial growth and healthcare infrastructure development.
Key Challenges:
- Fluctuations in raw material prices (e.g., energy costs).
- Stringent safety and environmental regulations.
- Intense competition among major players.
- Potential supply chain disruptions.
Emerging Opportunities in Oxygen Market
Untapped markets in developing economies, particularly in Africa and South America, present significant growth potential. Emerging applications in advanced manufacturing processes and environmental remediation offer new avenues for market expansion. Technological advancements in oxygen generation and delivery could create significant opportunities.
Growth Accelerators in the Oxygen Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs in air separation techniques, strategic partnerships to enhance supply chain resilience, and expansion into emerging markets will propel long-term growth. Focus on sustainability and efficient resource management will be crucial for sustained market dominance.
Key Players Shaping the Oxygen Market Market
- Messer North America Inc
- Air Products Inc
- Gulf Cryo
- Matheson Tri-Gas Inc
- Bhuruka Gases Limited
- Inox-Air Products Inc
- Daesung Group
- Linde plc
- Nippon Gases
- TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION
- Yingde Gases Group
- KOATSU GAS KOGYO CO LTD
- Air Liquide
- SHOWA DENKO K K
- SOL Spa
Notable Milestones in Oxygen Market Sector
- July 2021: Linde commissions a new on-site facility in Qinzhou, China (7,500 tons/day capacity).
- June 2021: Air Liquide acquires Sasol's 16 air separation units in Secunda, South Africa (world's largest oxygen production site).
- June 2021: Air Liquide signs a long-term oxygen supply contract with Severstal in Russia.
- February 2021: Inox-Air Products plans INR 2000 crore investment for 8 new air separation units in India.
In-Depth Oxygen Market Market Outlook
The oxygen market is poised for sustained growth, driven by ongoing industrial expansion, technological advancements, and increasing healthcare needs. Strategic partnerships, focus on sustainable production, and expansion into new applications will be crucial for players to capitalize on emerging opportunities and maintain a competitive edge. The market's future success hinges on efficient resource management, technological innovation, and adapting to evolving regulatory landscapes.
Oxygen Market Segmentation
-
1. Form
- 1.1. Gas
- 1.2. Liquid
- 1.3. Solid
-
2. Type
- 2.1. Medical
- 2.2. Industrial
- 2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
-
3. Application
- 3.1. Metals and Mining
- 3.2. Chemical Industry
- 3.3. Oil and Gas
- 3.4. Healthcare
- 3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 3.6. Other Ap
Oxygen Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. India
- 1.3. Japan
- 1.4. South Korea
- 1.5. Malaysia
- 1.6. Thailand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Vietnam
- 1.9. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
2. North America
- 2.1. United States
- 2.2. Canada
- 2.3. Mexico
-
3. Europe
- 3.1. Germany
- 3.2. United Kingdom
- 3.3. France
- 3.4. Italy
- 3.5. Spain
- 3.6. NORDIC Countries
- 3.7. Turkey
- 3.8. Russia
- 3.9. Rest of Europe
-
4. South America
- 4.1. Brazil
- 4.2. Argentina
- 4.3. Colombia
- 4.4. Rest of South America
-
5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Saudi Arabia
- 5.2. Qatar
- 5.3. United Arab Emirates
- 5.4. Nigeria
- 5.5. Egypt
- 5.6. South Africa
- 5.7. Rest of Middle East and Africa

Oxygen Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 6.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand From the Medical and Healthcare Industry; Growing Demand for Oxygen from the Metals and Mining Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Costs for Manufacturing Oxygen; Alternative Fuel Gases Used for Welding and Cutting Applications
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Increasing Demand From Healthcare Industry
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 5.1.1. Gas
- 5.1.2. Liquid
- 5.1.3. Solid
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.2.1. Medical
- 5.2.2. Industrial
- 5.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 5.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 5.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 5.3.4. Healthcare
- 5.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 5.3.6. Other Ap
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.4.2. North America
- 5.4.3. Europe
- 5.4.4. South America
- 5.4.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 6. Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 6.1.1. Gas
- 6.1.2. Liquid
- 6.1.3. Solid
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.2.1. Medical
- 6.2.2. Industrial
- 6.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 6.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 6.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 6.3.4. Healthcare
- 6.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 6.3.6. Other Ap
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 7. North America Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 7.1.1. Gas
- 7.1.2. Liquid
- 7.1.3. Solid
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.2.1. Medical
- 7.2.2. Industrial
- 7.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 7.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 7.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 7.3.4. Healthcare
- 7.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 7.3.6. Other Ap
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 8. Europe Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 8.1.1. Gas
- 8.1.2. Liquid
- 8.1.3. Solid
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.2.1. Medical
- 8.2.2. Industrial
- 8.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 8.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 8.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 8.3.4. Healthcare
- 8.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 8.3.6. Other Ap
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 9. South America Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 9.1.1. Gas
- 9.1.2. Liquid
- 9.1.3. Solid
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.2.1. Medical
- 9.2.2. Industrial
- 9.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 9.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 9.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 9.3.4. Healthcare
- 9.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 9.3.6. Other Ap
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 10. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 10.1.1. Gas
- 10.1.2. Liquid
- 10.1.3. Solid
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.2.1. Medical
- 10.2.2. Industrial
- 10.2.3. Other Types (Scientific and Electronic)
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.3.1. Metals and Mining
- 10.3.2. Chemical Industry
- 10.3.3. Oil and Gas
- 10.3.4. Healthcare
- 10.3.5. Pharmaceutical
- 10.3.6. Other Ap
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Form
- 11. Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1 China
- 11.1.2 India
- 11.1.3 Japan
- 11.1.4 South Korea
- 11.1.5 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 12. North America Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1 United States
- 12.1.2 Canada
- 12.1.3 Mexico
- 13. Europe Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1 Germany
- 13.1.2 United Kingdom
- 13.1.3 Italy
- 13.1.4 France
- 13.1.5 Rest of Europe
- 14. South America Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1 Brazil
- 14.1.2 Argentina
- 14.1.3 Rest of South America
- 15. Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1 Saudi Arabia
- 15.1.2 South Africa
- 15.1.3 Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Messer North America Inc
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Air Products Inc
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Gulf Cryo
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Matheson Tri-Gas Inc
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Bhuruka Gases Limited
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Inox-Air Products Inc
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Daesung Group
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Linde plc
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 Nippon Gases
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.11 Yingde Gases Group*List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.11.1. Overview
- 16.2.11.2. Products
- 16.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.12 KOATSU GAS KOGYO CO LTD
- 16.2.12.1. Overview
- 16.2.12.2. Products
- 16.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.13 Air Liquide
- 16.2.13.1. Overview
- 16.2.13.2. Products
- 16.2.13.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.13.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.13.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.14 SHOWA DENKO K K
- 16.2.14.1. Overview
- 16.2.14.2. Products
- 16.2.14.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.14.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.14.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.15 SOL Spa
- 16.2.15.1. Overview
- 16.2.15.2. Products
- 16.2.15.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.15.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.15.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Messer North America Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Global Oxygen Market Volume Breakdown (K Tons, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: North America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: North America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: North America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Europe Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: South America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: South America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 32: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 33: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 34: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 35: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 36: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 37: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 38: Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 39: North America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 40: North America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 41: North America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 42: North America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 43: North America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 44: North America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 45: North America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 46: North America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 47: North America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 48: North America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 49: North America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 50: North America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 51: North America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 52: North America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 53: North America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 54: North America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 55: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 56: Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 57: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 58: Europe Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 59: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 60: Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 61: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 62: Europe Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 63: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 64: Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 65: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 66: Europe Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 67: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 68: Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 69: Europe Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 70: Europe Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 71: South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 72: South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 73: South America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 74: South America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 75: South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 76: South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 77: South America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 78: South America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 79: South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 80: South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 81: South America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 82: South America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 83: South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 84: South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 85: South America Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 86: South America Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 87: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 88: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 89: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 90: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Form 2024 & 2032
- Figure 91: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 92: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 93: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 94: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 95: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 96: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 97: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 98: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 99: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 100: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 101: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 102: Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: China Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: China Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: India Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: India Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Japan Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Japan Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: South Korea Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South Korea Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Rest of Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Rest of Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: United States Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: United States Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Canada Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Canada Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Mexico Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Mexico Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Germany Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Germany Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: United Kingdom Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: United Kingdom Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Italy Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Italy Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: France Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: France Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Rest of Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Rest of Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Brazil Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Brazil Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Argentina Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Argentina Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Rest of South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Rest of South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Saudi Arabia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Saudi Arabia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 55: South Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 56: South Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 57: Rest of Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 58: Rest of Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 59: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 60: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 61: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 62: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 63: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 64: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 65: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 66: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 67: China Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 68: China Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 69: India Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 70: India Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 71: Japan Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 72: Japan Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 73: South Korea Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 74: South Korea Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 75: Malaysia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 76: Malaysia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 77: Thailand Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 78: Thailand Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 79: Indonesia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 80: Indonesia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 81: Vietnam Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 82: Vietnam Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 83: Rest of Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 84: Rest of Asia Pacific Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 85: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 86: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 87: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 88: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 89: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 90: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 91: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 92: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 93: United States Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 94: United States Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 95: Canada Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 96: Canada Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 97: Mexico Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 98: Mexico Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 99: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 100: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 101: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 102: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 103: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 104: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 105: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 106: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 107: Germany Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 108: Germany Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 109: United Kingdom Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 110: United Kingdom Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 111: France Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 112: France Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 113: Italy Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 114: Italy Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 115: Spain Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 116: Spain Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 117: NORDIC Countries Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 118: NORDIC Countries Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 119: Turkey Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 120: Turkey Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 121: Russia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 122: Russia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 123: Rest of Europe Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 124: Rest of Europe Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 125: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 126: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 127: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 128: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 129: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 130: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 131: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 132: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 133: Brazil Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 134: Brazil Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 135: Argentina Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 136: Argentina Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 137: Colombia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 138: Colombia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 139: Rest of South America Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 140: Rest of South America Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 141: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 142: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Form 2019 & 2032
- Table 143: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 144: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 145: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 146: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 147: Global Oxygen Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 148: Global Oxygen Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 149: Saudi Arabia Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 150: Saudi Arabia Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 151: Qatar Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 152: Qatar Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 153: United Arab Emirates Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 154: United Arab Emirates Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 155: Nigeria Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 156: Nigeria Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 157: Egypt Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 158: Egypt Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 159: South Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 160: South Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 161: Rest of Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 162: Rest of Middle East and Africa Oxygen Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Oxygen Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 6.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Oxygen Market?
Key companies in the market include Messer North America Inc, Air Products Inc, Gulf Cryo, Matheson Tri-Gas Inc, Bhuruka Gases Limited, Inox-Air Products Inc, Daesung Group, Linde plc, Nippon Gases, TAIYO NIPPON SANSO CORPORATION, Yingde Gases Group*List Not Exhaustive, KOATSU GAS KOGYO CO LTD, Air Liquide, SHOWA DENKO K K, SOL Spa.
3. What are the main segments of the Oxygen Market?
The market segments include Form, Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 46200 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand From the Medical and Healthcare Industry; Growing Demand for Oxygen from the Metals and Mining Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Increasing Demand From Healthcare Industry.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Costs for Manufacturing Oxygen; Alternative Fuel Gases Used for Welding and Cutting Applications.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In July 2021, Linde announced that it had started its new on-site facility in Qinzhou, China. The facility can supply up to 7,500 tons of oxygen per day.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Tons.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Oxygen Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Oxygen Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Oxygen Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Oxygen Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence