Key Insights
The European electrical bushing market, valued at approximately €500 million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, exhibiting a CAGR exceeding 2% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by the increasing demand for efficient and reliable power transmission and distribution infrastructure across various sectors, including renewable energy, industrial automation, and smart grids. The rising adoption of advanced materials, such as resin-impregnated paper, offering superior insulation and performance compared to traditional oil-impregnated paper bushings, is a key market driver. Furthermore, stringent safety regulations and the need to minimize equipment downtime are contributing to the market expansion. The transformer segment currently dominates the application landscape, owing to its extensive use in power generation and transmission systems. However, the switchgear segment is poised for significant growth, driven by the increasing deployment of smart grids and the demand for improved grid stability and reliability. Key players like ABB, Siemens, and Nexans are investing heavily in research and development to enhance the performance and lifespan of electrical bushings, further contributing to market growth. Competition is intense, with both established multinational corporations and regional players vying for market share.
Geographic variations within Europe exist, with Germany, France, and the UK representing the largest national markets. The consistent upgrade and expansion of power grids in these countries, along with supportive government initiatives promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy integration, are major contributors to this regional dominance. While the market faces restraints from the relatively high initial investment costs associated with installing and maintaining electrical bushings, the long-term benefits in terms of reliability and operational efficiency outweigh these concerns. The ongoing development of more compact and environmentally friendly bushing designs is expected to further propel market expansion in the coming years. This market offers lucrative opportunities for manufacturers who can successfully cater to the specific needs of diverse industries and end-users within Europe.
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Europe Electrical Bushing Market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional segmentation, product landscape, and key player analysis. The report covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The market is segmented by type (Oil Impregnated Paper, Resin Impregnated Paper, Other types) and application (Transformers, Switchgears, Other Applications). The market size is valued in million units.

Europe Electrical Bushing Market Dynamics & Structure
The Europe Electrical Bushing market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure with several major players holding significant market share. While precise market share percentages for each company are unavailable at this time (xx%), key players like ABB Ltd, Siemens AG, and Nexans SA maintain strong positions due to their established brand reputation, extensive product portfolios, and global reach. Technological innovation, primarily focused on enhancing bushing reliability, efficiency, and lifespan through advanced materials and designs, is a key driver. Stringent regulatory frameworks concerning electrical safety and environmental compliance significantly influence market dynamics. The market also faces competition from alternative technologies and materials. M&A activity remains relatively limited in recent years (xx deals in the past 5 years) with no notable recent deals. However, strategic partnerships and collaborations are emerging as a common approach for players seeking expansion and technological advancement.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top players holding xx% market share.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on enhanced reliability, efficiency, and lifespan.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent safety and environmental regulations.
- Competitive Substitutes: Limited, but alternative technologies exist.
- End-User Demographics: Primarily utilities, industrial plants, and infrastructure developers.
- M&A Trends: Relatively low activity in recent years (xx deals).
Europe Electrical Bushing Market Growth Trends & Insights
The Europe Electrical Bushing market experienced a steady growth trajectory between 2019 and 2024, driven by rising electricity demand, grid modernization initiatives, and the expansion of renewable energy infrastructure across Europe. The market size is estimated to be xx million units in 2025 and is projected to witness a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching xx million units by 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including increasing investments in smart grids, the deployment of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, and a continuous need for upgrading aging infrastructure. The adoption rate of advanced bushing technologies, particularly those with enhanced insulation and monitoring capabilities, is gradually increasing, further contributing to market expansion. Technological disruptions such as the integration of digital sensors and smart grid technologies are expected to significantly shape market trends. Consumer behavior is shifting towards demanding environmentally friendly and high-performance bushings.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Europe Electrical Bushing Market
Germany, France, and the UK represent the most significant markets within Europe for electrical bushings, collectively accounting for xx% of the total regional market share. The dominance of these countries is largely attributed to their well-developed power grids, robust industrial sectors, and considerable investments in infrastructure modernization. Within the segment breakdown, Oil Impregnated Paper bushings hold the largest market share (xx%), driven by their cost-effectiveness and established track record. However, Resin Impregnated Paper bushings are gaining traction due to their improved insulation properties and environmental advantages, exhibiting a faster growth rate (xx% CAGR).
- Germany: Strong industrial base and significant investment in grid modernization.
- France: Developed power grid and focus on renewable energy integration.
- UK: Ongoing infrastructure upgrades and expanding energy demands.
- Oil Impregnated Paper: Largest market share due to cost-effectiveness.
- Resin Impregnated Paper: Fastest-growing segment due to improved performance.
- Transformers: Largest application segment due to high bushing demand in power generation.
Europe Electrical Bushing Market Product Landscape
Europe's electrical bushing market offers a diverse range of products categorized by voltage rating, insulation material, and design features. Significant advancements include the incorporation of digital sensors for real-time monitoring, improved insulation materials for enhanced reliability, and compact designs for space optimization. Unique selling propositions often center around improved reliability, extended lifespan, reduced maintenance requirements, and environmentally friendly materials. Technological advancements focus on improving performance and durability while reducing environmental impact.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Europe Electrical Bushing Market
Key Drivers: Increasing electricity demand, investments in grid modernization and expansion, growth of renewable energy sources, and stringent environmental regulations mandating higher efficiency and reliability are key growth drivers.
Challenges & Restraints: The market faces challenges from high raw material costs, intense competition, stringent quality standards, and potential supply chain disruptions. Regulatory hurdles and the need for skilled labor to install and maintain advanced bushing systems also pose constraints.
Emerging Opportunities in Europe Electrical Bushing Market
Emerging opportunities lie in the growing adoption of smart grids, the increasing demand for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, and the expansion of renewable energy infrastructure. The development of environmentally friendly and sustainable bushing materials offers significant potential. Furthermore, the integration of digital technologies into bushing designs presents opportunities for enhanced monitoring and predictive maintenance.
Growth Accelerators in the Europe Electrical Bushing Market Industry
Technological breakthroughs in materials science, leading to lighter, more efficient, and environmentally friendly bushings, are a major growth catalyst. Strategic partnerships between bushing manufacturers and grid operators can streamline supply chains and facilitate the adoption of new technologies. Market expansion into emerging renewable energy sectors such as offshore wind power will also drive growth.
Key Players Shaping the Europe Electrical Bushing Market Market
- ABB Ltd
- Chin Sun
- Nexans SA
- Poinsa
- Siemens AG
- Eaton Corporation PLC
- CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd
- General Electric Company
- Georg Jordan GmBH
- Gipro GmBH
Notable Milestones in Europe Electrical Bushing Market Sector
- No recent developments in the market.
In-Depth Europe Electrical Bushing Market Market Outlook
The Europe Electrical Bushing market is poised for continued growth driven by the aforementioned technological advancements, strategic partnerships, and expanding market applications. Future potential lies in the development of intelligent bushings with advanced monitoring capabilities, improved reliability, and reduced environmental impact. Strategic opportunities exist for companies that can effectively navigate the regulatory landscape, innovate in material science and digital technologies, and forge strong partnerships with key stakeholders in the energy sector.
Europe Electrical Bushing Market Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 1.3. Other types
-
2. Application
- 2.1. Transformers
- 2.2. Switchgears
- 2.3. Other Applications
Europe Electrical Bushing Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Germany
- 2. France
- 3. United Kingdom
- 4. Eastern Europe
- 5. Rest of Europe

Europe Electrical Bushing Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 2.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Replacement of Existing Grids and the Expansion of Distribution Networks
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; High Installation Costs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Transformer Application Expected to Witness Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 5.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 5.1.3. Other types
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.2.1. Transformers
- 5.2.2. Switchgears
- 5.2.3. Other Applications
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. Germany
- 5.3.2. France
- 5.3.3. United Kingdom
- 5.3.4. Eastern Europe
- 5.3.5. Rest of Europe
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. Germany Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 6.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 6.1.3. Other types
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.2.1. Transformers
- 6.2.2. Switchgears
- 6.2.3. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. France Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 7.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 7.1.3. Other types
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.2.1. Transformers
- 7.2.2. Switchgears
- 7.2.3. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. United Kingdom Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 8.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 8.1.3. Other types
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.2.1. Transformers
- 8.2.2. Switchgears
- 8.2.3. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. Eastern Europe Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 9.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 9.1.3. Other types
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.2.1. Transformers
- 9.2.2. Switchgears
- 9.2.3. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. Rest of Europe Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.1.1. Oil Impregnated Paper
- 10.1.2. Resin Impregnated Paper
- 10.1.3. Other types
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.2.1. Transformers
- 10.2.2. Switchgears
- 10.2.3. Other Applications
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 11. Germany Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. France Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Italy Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. United Kingdom Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Netherlands Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Sweden Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Rest of Europe Europe Electrical Bushing Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 ABB Ltd
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 Chin Sun
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 Nexans SA
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 Poinsa
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 Siemens AG
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.6 Eaton Corporation PLC
- 18.2.6.1. Overview
- 18.2.6.2. Products
- 18.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.7 CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd
- 18.2.7.1. Overview
- 18.2.7.2. Products
- 18.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.8 General Electric Company
- 18.2.8.1. Overview
- 18.2.8.2. Products
- 18.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.9 Georg Jordan GmBH*List Not Exhaustive
- 18.2.9.1. Overview
- 18.2.9.2. Products
- 18.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.10 Gipro GmBH
- 18.2.10.1. Overview
- 18.2.10.2. Products
- 18.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 ABB Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Germany Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Germany Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: France Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: France Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Italy Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Italy Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: United Kingdom Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United Kingdom Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Netherlands Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Netherlands Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Sweden Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Sweden Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Rest of Europe Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Europe Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 45: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 46: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 47: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 48: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 49: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 50: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 51: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 52: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 53: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 54: Europe Electrical Bushing Market Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Electrical Bushing Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 2.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Electrical Bushing Market?
Key companies in the market include ABB Ltd, Chin Sun, Nexans SA, Poinsa, Siemens AG, Eaton Corporation PLC, CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd, General Electric Company, Georg Jordan GmBH*List Not Exhaustive, Gipro GmBH.
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Electrical Bushing Market?
The market segments include Type, Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Replacement of Existing Grids and the Expansion of Distribution Networks.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Transformer Application Expected to Witness Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; High Installation Costs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
No recent developments in the market.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Electrical Bushing Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Electrical Bushing Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Electrical Bushing Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Electrical Bushing Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence