Key Insights
The Middle East Fans and Blowers market is poised for significant expansion, propelled by extensive infrastructural development in construction and industrial sectors. Growing demand for HVAC systems in commercial and industrial facilities, alongside rising urbanization and population growth, are key drivers. Government mandates for energy efficiency are encouraging the adoption of advanced, energy-saving technologies. The market is segmented by technology (centrifugal, axial) and deployment (industrial, commercial). While centrifugal blowers lead due to high pressure, axial blowers are gaining prominence for superior airflow and energy efficiency. The industrial sector currently dominates, but the commercial sector is projected for rapid growth driven by real estate expansion. Key players are focusing on innovation, M&A, and geographical expansion. Challenges include fluctuating oil prices and equipment maintenance needs. The Middle East Fans and Blowers market is projected to reach $7.2 billion by 2025, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033. This growth will be fueled by ongoing infrastructure investments, sustainable building practices, and expanding industrial capacity. Government initiatives promoting energy conservation will further stimulate demand for efficient solutions. The commercial sector is expected to outperform the industrial sector in growth, with axial blower technology gaining market share. Increased competition and a focus on customized solutions for diverse regional needs will characterize the market.

Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Market Size (In Billion)

Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Middle East fans and blowers market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), the base year (2025), and a detailed forecast (2025-2033). The report segments the market by technology (Centrifugal, Axial), deployment (Industrial, Commercial), and key players, offering a granular understanding of market dynamics and future growth potential. This analysis is crucial for manufacturers, investors, and industry professionals seeking to navigate the complexities of this rapidly evolving sector. The market size is projected in Million Units throughout the report.

Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Company Market Share

Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Dynamics & Structure
This section analyzes the Middle East fans and blowers market's competitive landscape, technological advancements, and regulatory influences. We delve into market concentration, identifying dominant players and their respective market shares (xx%). The report also explores the impact of technological innovations, such as the development of energy-efficient models and smart controls, on market growth. Regulatory frameworks, including those related to energy consumption and environmental standards, are examined for their influence on market trends. Furthermore, the analysis includes an assessment of competitive substitutes, end-user demographics, and the frequency and impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity within the industry (xx M&A deals in the last 5 years).
- Market Concentration: Highly fragmented (xx%), with a few major players holding significant shares.
- Technological Innovation: Driven by demand for energy efficiency and smart functionalities. Barriers to innovation include high R&D costs and technological complexity.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent environmental regulations are driving the adoption of eco-friendly technologies.
- Competitive Substitutes: Limited direct substitutes, but alternative technologies exist for specific applications.
- End-User Demographics: Growth is fueled by rising industrialization and urbanization across the Middle East.
- M&A Trends: Consolidation is expected as larger players seek to expand their market share.
Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Growth Trends & Insights
This section provides a detailed analysis of the Middle East fans and blowers market's growth trajectory. We examine the market size evolution, adoption rates across various segments, technological disruptions impacting market dynamics, and shifting consumer behavior influencing purchasing patterns. Using XXX analysis, we project a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by increasing demand from the industrial and commercial sectors. The market penetration rate is estimated at xx% in 2025 and is projected to reach xx% by 2033. Factors like infrastructure development, industrial expansion, and government initiatives promoting energy efficiency contribute to this growth. The report also highlights shifts in consumer preferences towards sustainable and technologically advanced products.
Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market
This analysis identifies the leading regions, countries, and segments within the Middle East fans and blowers market, focusing on the drivers of their market dominance. The Industrial segment, particularly within the UAE and Saudi Arabia, is currently leading market growth, driven by substantial investment in infrastructure projects and industrial expansion. The Centrifugal technology segment dominates due to its wide applications and mature technological landscape.
- Key Drivers:
- UAE and Saudi Arabia: Significant infrastructure development and industrialization initiatives.
- Industrial Segment: Strong demand from diverse industries, including oil & gas, manufacturing, and HVAC.
- Centrifugal Technology: Mature technology with wider applications and cost-effectiveness.
- Dominance Factors: High demand from key sectors, robust economic growth, and favorable government policies.
Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Product Landscape
The Middle East fans and blowers market showcases a diverse product landscape featuring centrifugal and axial fans with various performance metrics tailored to specific applications. Innovations focus on energy efficiency, noise reduction, and smart control systems. Unique selling propositions include customized solutions to meet stringent industrial requirements and enhanced durability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Technological advancements such as variable speed drives and intelligent monitoring systems are increasingly integrated into new product offerings.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market
Key Drivers:
- Increasing industrialization and urbanization across the Middle East.
- Growing demand for energy-efficient HVAC systems.
- Government initiatives promoting energy conservation.
Key Challenges:
- Fluctuations in oil prices impact investment and project timelines.
- Supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical factors.
- Intense competition from both domestic and international players.
Emerging Opportunities in Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market
The Middle East fans and blowers market presents several promising opportunities, including the growing adoption of smart technologies, increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions in the HVAC sector, and untapped potential in smaller regional markets. Furthermore, the expansion of renewable energy projects presents a significant opportunity for the development and deployment of specialized fans and blowers.
Growth Accelerators in the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Industry
Long-term growth in the Middle East fans and blowers market is expected to be accelerated by continued infrastructure development, technological advancements leading to improved efficiency and performance, and strategic partnerships fostering innovation and market expansion. The growing adoption of sustainable solutions within industrial applications will further boost market expansion.
Key Players Shaping the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Market
- Howden Group Ltd
- Continental Blower LLC
- Flakt Woods Group SA
- Greenheck Fan Corp
- Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Corp
- Gardner Denver Inc
Notable Milestones in Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Sector
- November 2021: Twin City Fan establishes a joint venture in the UAE, expanding its reach across the Middle East. This signifies a significant step in enhancing local manufacturing and servicing capabilities.
In-Depth Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Market Outlook
The Middle East fans and blowers market is poised for significant growth over the next decade. Continued investment in infrastructure projects, coupled with technological advancements and increasing adoption of energy-efficient solutions, will be key drivers of market expansion. Strategic partnerships and the expansion into untapped markets will further contribute to the sector's long-term growth potential. The market presents attractive opportunities for both established players and new entrants seeking to capitalize on the region's dynamic growth trajectory.
Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Segmentation
-
1. Technology
- 1.1. Centrifugal
- 1.2. Axial
-
2. Deployment
-
2.1. Industrial
- 2.1.1. Power Generation
- 2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 2.1.3. Construction
- 2.1.4. Other Industries
- 2.2. Commercial
-
2.1. Industrial
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 3.3. Qatar
- 3.4. Rest of Middle-East
Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United Arab Emirates
- 2. Saudi Arabia
- 3. Qatar
- 4. Rest of Middle East

Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Regional Market Share

Geographic Coverage of Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market
Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.8% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Increasing Adoption Of Electric Vehicles4.; Growing Concern for Battery Waste Disposal and Stringent Government Policies
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; High Cost of Recycling Operations
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Oil and Gas Industry to Witness Significant Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 5.1.1. Centrifugal
- 5.1.2. Axial
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 5.2.1. Industrial
- 5.2.1.1. Power Generation
- 5.2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 5.2.1.3. Construction
- 5.2.1.4. Other Industries
- 5.2.2. Commercial
- 5.2.1. Industrial
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 5.3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 5.3.3. Qatar
- 5.3.4. Rest of Middle-East
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. United Arab Emirates
- 5.4.2. Saudi Arabia
- 5.4.3. Qatar
- 5.4.4. Rest of Middle East
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 6. United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 6.1.1. Centrifugal
- 6.1.2. Axial
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 6.2.1. Industrial
- 6.2.1.1. Power Generation
- 6.2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 6.2.1.3. Construction
- 6.2.1.4. Other Industries
- 6.2.2. Commercial
- 6.2.1. Industrial
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 6.3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 6.3.3. Qatar
- 6.3.4. Rest of Middle-East
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 7. Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 7.1.1. Centrifugal
- 7.1.2. Axial
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 7.2.1. Industrial
- 7.2.1.1. Power Generation
- 7.2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 7.2.1.3. Construction
- 7.2.1.4. Other Industries
- 7.2.2. Commercial
- 7.2.1. Industrial
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 7.3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 7.3.3. Qatar
- 7.3.4. Rest of Middle-East
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 8. Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 8.1.1. Centrifugal
- 8.1.2. Axial
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 8.2.1. Industrial
- 8.2.1.1. Power Generation
- 8.2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 8.2.1.3. Construction
- 8.2.1.4. Other Industries
- 8.2.2. Commercial
- 8.2.1. Industrial
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 8.3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 8.3.3. Qatar
- 8.3.4. Rest of Middle-East
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 9. Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 9.1.1. Centrifugal
- 9.1.2. Axial
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Deployment
- 9.2.1. Industrial
- 9.2.1.1. Power Generation
- 9.2.1.2. Oil and Gas
- 9.2.1.3. Construction
- 9.2.1.4. Other Industries
- 9.2.2. Commercial
- 9.2.1. Industrial
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.3.1. United Arab Emirates
- 9.3.2. Saudi Arabia
- 9.3.3. Qatar
- 9.3.4. Rest of Middle-East
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Technology
- 10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2025
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1 Howden Group Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
- 10.2.1.1. Overview
- 10.2.1.2. Products
- 10.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.2 Continental Blower LLC
- 10.2.2.1. Overview
- 10.2.2.2. Products
- 10.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.3 Flakt Woods Group SA
- 10.2.3.1. Overview
- 10.2.3.2. Products
- 10.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.4 Greenheck Fan Corp
- 10.2.4.1. Overview
- 10.2.4.2. Products
- 10.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.5 Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Corp
- 10.2.5.1. Overview
- 10.2.5.2. Products
- 10.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.6 Gardner Denver Inc
- 10.2.6.1. Overview
- 10.2.6.2. Products
- 10.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.1 Howden Group Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Breakdown (billion, %) by Region 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 3: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 4: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 5: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 6: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 7: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 8: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 9: United Arab Emirates Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 10: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 11: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 12: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 13: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 14: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 15: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 16: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 17: Saudi Arabia Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 18: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 19: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 20: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 21: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 22: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 23: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 24: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 25: Qatar Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 26: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 27: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Technology 2025 & 2033
- Figure 28: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 29: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Deployment 2025 & 2033
- Figure 30: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 31: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Geography 2025 & 2033
- Figure 32: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue (billion), by Country 2025 & 2033
- Figure 33: Rest of Middle East Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2025 & 2033
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Technology 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Deployment 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Technology 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Deployment 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Technology 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Deployment 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Technology 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Deployment 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Technology 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Deployment 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Geography 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: Global Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market Revenue billion Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.8%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market?
Key companies in the market include Howden Group Ltd*List Not Exhaustive, Continental Blower LLC, Flakt Woods Group SA, Greenheck Fan Corp, Acme Engineering & Manufacturing Corp, Gardner Denver Inc.
3. What are the main segments of the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market?
The market segments include Technology, Deployment, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 7.2 billion as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Increasing Adoption Of Electric Vehicles4.; Growing Concern for Battery Waste Disposal and Stringent Government Policies.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Oil and Gas Industry to Witness Significant Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; High Cost of Recycling Operations.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In November 2021, Twin City Fan signed an agreement with Energy Industrial Company to form a joint venture (JV) manufacturing company in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The new JV company is located in Sharjah, next to Dubai, and will be producing a complete range of Twin City Fan products and will service the entire Middle Eastern region.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in billion.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Middle-East Fans and Blowers Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

