Key Insights
The automotive coolant market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.18% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. The increasing global vehicle population, particularly in developing economies, necessitates a higher demand for coolant products. Furthermore, advancements in automotive technology, including the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), are creating opportunities for specialized coolants with improved thermal management capabilities. Stringent emission regulations globally are also pushing manufacturers to develop and adopt more efficient cooling systems, contributing to market growth. The market is segmented by vehicle type (passenger cars and commercial vehicles) and chemical type (ethylene glycol and propylene glycol), with ethylene glycol currently dominating due to its cost-effectiveness and established market presence. However, propylene glycol, known for its environmentally friendly nature, is gaining traction, driven by growing environmental concerns and stricter regulations.
Major players such as JXTG Holdings Inc, Voltronic GmbH, Prestone Products Corp, and others are shaping the competitive landscape through strategic partnerships, product innovation, and geographical expansion. While the market faces challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and potential economic downturns impacting vehicle sales, the overall outlook remains positive, given the continued growth in the automotive sector and the increasing focus on efficient thermal management systems. The forecast period, 2025-2033, promises substantial market expansion, presenting significant opportunities for existing and new market entrants. The market's growth trajectory is closely tied to global economic conditions and technological advancements within the automotive industry.

Automotive Coolant Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Automotive Coolant Market, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional dominance, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The report covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on the forecast period of 2025-2033 and a base year of 2025. The market is segmented by vehicle type (passenger car, commercial vehicle) and chemical type (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol), offering granular insights into this crucial automotive component market. Projected market values are presented in million units.
Automotive Coolant Market Dynamics & Structure
The automotive coolant market is characterized by a moderately concentrated landscape, with key players like ExxonMobil Corp, BP PLC (Castrol), and Royal Dutch Shell PLC holding significant market share. The market is driven by technological innovations focused on enhanced thermal efficiency, extended lifespan, and environmentally friendly formulations. Stringent regulatory frameworks regarding emissions and coolant composition further shape market dynamics. The emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) presents both opportunities and challenges, requiring specialized coolants for battery thermal management. Competition from alternative cooling technologies remains relatively low, with traditional coolant solutions maintaining dominance. The market has witnessed a moderate level of M&A activity in recent years, with strategic partnerships aiming to enhance product portfolios and expand geographical reach. The xx% market share held by the top 5 players highlights the consolidated nature of the sector, while smaller players focus on niche segments and specialized applications.
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated, with top 5 players holding xx% market share.
- Technological Innovation: Focus on enhanced thermal efficiency, extended lifespan, and eco-friendly formulations.
- Regulatory Landscape: Stringent emission standards and coolant composition regulations drive innovation.
- Competitive Substitutes: Limited, with traditional coolants maintaining market dominance.
- M&A Activity: Moderate activity, with strategic partnerships for portfolio expansion.
- Innovation Barriers: High R&D costs and stringent regulatory compliance requirements.
Automotive Coolant Market Growth Trends & Insights
The automotive coolant market experienced steady growth during the historical period (2019-2024), driven by increasing vehicle production and a rising global vehicle population. The market size reached xx million units in 2024 and is projected to continue growing at a CAGR of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), reaching xx million units by 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including the rising demand for higher-performance vehicles, the increasing adoption of advanced cooling technologies in high-performance engines, and the growing demand for electric vehicles which require specialized coolants for battery thermal management. Consumer preference for extended service intervals and reduced maintenance costs are also significant drivers. The market penetration of extended-life coolants continues to rise, further impacting market dynamics. The adoption of OAT (Organic Acid Technology) and other advanced formulations enhances product longevity and performance. Technological disruptions, such as the development of carbon-neutral coolants, are poised to reshape market dynamics in the coming years.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Automotive Coolant Market
The Asia-Pacific region is projected to dominate the automotive coolant market throughout the forecast period, driven by strong vehicle production growth in countries like China and India. Within vehicle types, the passenger car segment holds the largest market share, while the commercial vehicle segment exhibits a faster growth rate, driven by the increasing adoption of advanced cooling technologies in heavy-duty vehicles. In terms of chemical type, ethylene glycol continues to be the dominant coolant, though propylene glycol-based coolants are gaining traction due to their enhanced environmental profile.
- Leading Region: Asia-Pacific (xx% market share in 2025)
- Key Countries: China, India, Japan, USA, Germany
- Dominant Segment (Vehicle Type): Passenger car (xx% market share in 2025)
- Dominant Segment (Chemical Type): Ethylene glycol (xx% market share in 2025)
- Growth Drivers: Strong vehicle production growth in emerging markets, increasing demand for high-performance vehicles, and stringent emission regulations.
Automotive Coolant Market Product Landscape
The automotive coolant market offers a range of products catering to diverse vehicle types and performance requirements. Innovation focuses on extended service life, improved thermal efficiency, and enhanced corrosion protection. Coolants are formulated with various additives to optimize performance, including corrosion inhibitors, anti-foaming agents, and cavitation inhibitors. The emergence of electric vehicles has spurred the development of specialized coolants for battery thermal management, a key area of innovation. Unique selling propositions include extended drain intervals, improved freeze/boil protection, and environmentally friendly formulations.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Automotive Coolant Market
Key Drivers:
- Growing vehicle production globally.
- Increasing demand for high-performance vehicles.
- Stringent emission regulations.
- Technological advancements leading to extended life coolants.
Challenges and Restraints:
- Fluctuations in raw material prices.
- Stringent regulatory compliance requirements.
- Intense competition among established players.
- Supply chain disruptions impacting availability and cost. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, caused significant supply chain disruptions, leading to xx% increase in coolant prices temporarily.
Emerging Opportunities in Automotive Coolant Market
- Development of carbon-neutral coolants.
- Growing demand for electric and hybrid vehicles.
- Penetration of advanced cooling technologies in high-performance engines.
- Expansion into niche markets like powersports and industrial applications.
Growth Accelerators in the Automotive Coolant Market Industry
Technological advancements, particularly in the development of eco-friendly and high-performance coolants, are key growth drivers. Strategic partnerships and collaborations are accelerating innovation and market expansion. The increasing demand for electric vehicles is creating new opportunities in the battery thermal management segment.
Key Players Shaping the Automotive Coolant Market Market
- JXTG Holdings Inc
- Voltronic GmbH
- Prestone Products Corp
- Saudi Aramco Group
- Indian Oil Corp Ltd
- ExxonMobil Corp
- BP PLC (Castrol)
- Amsoil Inc
- TotalEnergies SE
- Royal Dutch Shell PLC
- Chevron Corp
- American Mfg Co (Rudson)
Notable Milestones in Automotive Coolant Market Sector
- February 2023: UPM Biochemicals and HAERTOL partnered to produce carbon-neutral engine and battery coolants.
- August 2022: Valvoline Cummins launched Valvoline Advanced Coolant with OAT technology, offering a 5-year/500,000 km service life.
- July 2021: Castrol launched Castrol ON e-thermal fluid for faster EV charging.
- July 2021: Eurol Lubricants introduced Coolant -36°C GLX-AV for Japanese and Korean cars.
- February 2021: AMSOIL launched a new Powersports Antifreeze & Coolant with a five-year service life.
In-Depth Automotive Coolant Market Market Outlook
The automotive coolant market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by technological advancements, increasing vehicle production, and the expanding electric vehicle market. The focus on sustainability and environmental regulations will drive the adoption of eco-friendly coolants. Strategic partnerships and investments in R&D will further shape market dynamics. Companies that can effectively address the challenges related to supply chain stability and regulatory compliance will be well-positioned to capitalize on the market's growth potential.
Automotive Coolant Market Segmentation
-
1. Vehicle Type
- 1.1. Passenger Car
- 1.2. Commercial Vehicle
-
2. Chemical Type
- 2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 2.2. Propylene Glycol
Automotive Coolant Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. North America
- 1.1. United States
- 1.2. Canada
- 1.3. Rest of North America
-
2. Europe
- 2.1. Germany
- 2.2. United Kingdom
- 2.3. France
- 2.4. Italy
- 2.5. Spain
- 2.6. Rest of Europe
-
3. Asia Pacific
- 3.1. India
- 3.2. China
- 3.3. Japan
- 3.4. South Korea
- 3.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
-
4. Rest of the World
- 4.1. South America
- 4.2. Middle East and Africa

Automotive Coolant Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.18% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Fuel Economy Norms and Government Incentives
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Growing Demand For Battery Electric Vehicles
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Passenger Car Segment Likely to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Automotive Coolant Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 5.1.1. Passenger Car
- 5.1.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Chemical Type
- 5.2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 5.2.2. Propylene Glycol
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. North America
- 5.3.2. Europe
- 5.3.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.3.4. Rest of the World
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6. North America Automotive Coolant Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6.1.1. Passenger Car
- 6.1.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Chemical Type
- 6.2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 6.2.2. Propylene Glycol
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7. Europe Automotive Coolant Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7.1.1. Passenger Car
- 7.1.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Chemical Type
- 7.2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 7.2.2. Propylene Glycol
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8. Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8.1.1. Passenger Car
- 8.1.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Chemical Type
- 8.2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 8.2.2. Propylene Glycol
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9. Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9.1.1. Passenger Car
- 9.1.2. Commercial Vehicle
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Chemical Type
- 9.2.1. Ethylene Glycol
- 9.2.2. Propylene Glycol
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 10. Competitive Analysis
- 10.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 10.2. Company Profiles
- 10.2.1 JXTG Holdings Inc
- 10.2.1.1. Overview
- 10.2.1.2. Products
- 10.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.2 Voltronic GmbH
- 10.2.2.1. Overview
- 10.2.2.2. Products
- 10.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.3 Prestone Products Corp
- 10.2.3.1. Overview
- 10.2.3.2. Products
- 10.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.4 Saudi Aramco Group
- 10.2.4.1. Overview
- 10.2.4.2. Products
- 10.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.5 Indian Oil Corp Ltd
- 10.2.5.1. Overview
- 10.2.5.2. Products
- 10.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.6 ExxonMobil Corp
- 10.2.6.1. Overview
- 10.2.6.2. Products
- 10.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.7 BP PLC ( Castrol)
- 10.2.7.1. Overview
- 10.2.7.2. Products
- 10.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.8 Amsoil Inc
- 10.2.8.1. Overview
- 10.2.8.2. Products
- 10.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.9 TotalEnergies SE
- 10.2.9.1. Overview
- 10.2.9.2. Products
- 10.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.10 Royal Dutch Shell PLC
- 10.2.10.1. Overview
- 10.2.10.2. Products
- 10.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.11 Chevron Corp
- 10.2.11.1. Overview
- 10.2.11.2. Products
- 10.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.12 American Mfg Co (Rudson
- 10.2.12.1. Overview
- 10.2.12.2. Products
- 10.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 10.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 10.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 10.2.1 JXTG Holdings Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Vehicle Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Chemical Type 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Rest of the World Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Chemical Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Chemical Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: United States Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Canada Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Rest of North America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Chemical Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Germany Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: United Kingdom Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: France Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Italy Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Spain Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Rest of Europe Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Chemical Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: India Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: China Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Japan Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: South Korea Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Rest of Asia Pacific Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Chemical Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Global Automotive Coolant Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: South America Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Middle East and Africa Automotive Coolant Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Automotive Coolant Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.18%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Automotive Coolant Market?
Key companies in the market include JXTG Holdings Inc, Voltronic GmbH, Prestone Products Corp, Saudi Aramco Group, Indian Oil Corp Ltd, ExxonMobil Corp, BP PLC ( Castrol), Amsoil Inc, TotalEnergies SE, Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Chevron Corp, American Mfg Co (Rudson.
3. What are the main segments of the Automotive Coolant Market?
The market segments include Vehicle Type, Chemical Type.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Fuel Economy Norms and Government Incentives.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Passenger Car Segment Likely to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Growing Demand For Battery Electric Vehicles.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In February 2023, UPM Biochemicals and HAERTOL announced a strategic partnership to produce a new range of carbon-neutral engine and battery coolants that will help automotive manufacturers reduce their CO2 footprint.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Automotive Coolant Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Automotive Coolant Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Automotive Coolant Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Automotive Coolant Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence