Key Insights
The global soft starter market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a substantial size driven by increasing automation across various industries. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.91% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a consistently expanding market, and this positive trajectory is expected to continue through 2033. Key drivers include the rising demand for energy-efficient motor control solutions, stringent government regulations promoting industrial automation and energy conservation, and the burgeoning need for reliable and efficient motor starting in applications across diverse sectors. The mining and metal, food and beverage, and energy and power industries are significant contributors to market growth, reflecting the critical role soft starters play in optimizing operations and reducing downtime in heavy machinery and industrial processes. The integration of advanced technologies like IoT and smart grids further enhances the appeal of soft starters, adding layers of efficiency, monitoring, and predictive maintenance capabilities. Competitive landscape analysis shows significant players like ABB, Siemens, and Eaton Corporation are continuously innovating, introducing new models with enhanced features to stay ahead in this evolving market.
The market segmentation reveals a strong presence of soft starters in various end-user industries. While mining and metal, food and beverage, and energy and power sectors are currently dominant, growth is anticipated across all segments. Geographical distribution shows significant market share in North America and Europe due to early adoption of automation technologies and stringent regulatory frameworks. However, the Asia-Pacific region is poised for rapid expansion driven by increasing industrialization and infrastructural development. To maintain the current growth trajectory, manufacturers need to focus on technological advancements, cost optimization, and targeted marketing strategies to penetrate developing economies effectively. The continuous need for reliable power management, coupled with the expanding industrialization globally, ensures a promising outlook for the soft starter market in the long term.
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the global soft starter industry, encompassing market dynamics, growth trends, regional segmentation, product landscape, key players, and future outlook. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year. This report is invaluable for industry professionals, investors, and strategic decision-makers seeking to understand and capitalize on opportunities within this dynamic market. The report projects a xx Million units market size by 2033.

Soft Starter Industry Market Dynamics & Structure
The global soft starter market is characterized by a moderately consolidated structure, with key players like ABB Ltd, Siemens AG, and Schneider Electric SE holding significant market share. Technological innovation, particularly in power electronics and control systems, is a primary growth driver. Stringent energy efficiency regulations across various industries are also shaping market dynamics, pushing adoption of energy-saving soft starters. The market faces competition from alternative motor starting methods, such as variable frequency drives (VFDs). However, soft starters maintain a strong position due to their cost-effectiveness and suitability for specific applications. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been moderate, primarily focusing on expanding product portfolios and geographical reach.
- Market Concentration: Moderately consolidated, with top 5 players holding approximately xx% market share in 2025.
- Technological Innovation: Advancements in IGBT technology, improved control algorithms, and smart features are driving growth.
- Regulatory Framework: Stringent energy efficiency standards in regions like Europe and North America are boosting demand.
- Competitive Substitutes: Variable frequency drives (VFDs) pose competition, but soft starters retain advantages in specific applications.
- End-User Demographics: Growth is driven by diverse end-user industries, including Mining and Metals, Food & Beverage, Energy & Power, and Oil & Gas.
- M&A Trends: Moderate M&A activity, with deals focusing on geographic expansion and product diversification. xx M&A deals recorded between 2019 and 2024.
Soft Starter Industry Growth Trends & Insights
The soft starter market experienced robust growth during the historical period (2019-2024), primarily driven by increasing industrial automation and the need for energy-efficient motor control. The market size witnessed a CAGR of xx% during this period, reaching xx Million units in 2024. The forecast period (2025-2033) projects continued growth, fueled by expanding industrialization in developing economies and rising demand for improved motor protection in harsh operating conditions. Technological disruptions, such as the integration of IoT and AI capabilities into soft starters, are expected to enhance market penetration. Consumer behavior is shifting towards energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions, further boosting the adoption rate of soft starters. Market penetration is projected to reach xx% by 2033. This growth is further supported by increasing demand for energy efficient solutions across industries driven by rising energy costs and environmental concerns.

Dominant Regions, Countries, or Segments in Soft Starter Industry
North America and Europe currently dominate the soft starter market, driven by robust industrial infrastructure and stringent environmental regulations. Within end-user industries, the Energy & Power sector shows significant growth potential due to increasing renewable energy integration and grid modernization efforts. The mining and metals industry presents another key segment with significant demand due to the nature of operations and the need for reliable, efficient equipment.
- Key Drivers: Strong industrial base in North America and Europe, stringent environmental regulations, rising demand from the Energy & Power and Mining & Metals sectors.
- Dominance Factors: Established industrial infrastructure, high adoption rates in developed economies, significant investments in renewable energy and industrial automation.
- Growth Potential: Developing economies in Asia-Pacific and Latin America offer significant growth opportunities due to rising industrialization and infrastructure development.
Soft Starter Industry Product Landscape
Soft starter products are evolving to incorporate advanced features like improved overload protection, energy-saving functionalities, and remote monitoring capabilities. These advancements improve performance metrics, such as energy efficiency and system uptime. Unique selling propositions include reduced motor wear and tear, enhanced starting torque, and simplified installation procedures. Technological advancements are focused on optimizing control algorithms and integrating smart features for predictive maintenance and remote diagnostics.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Soft Starter Industry
Key Drivers:
- Increasing industrial automation and the demand for energy-efficient motor control across various industrial segments.
- Stringent environmental regulations driving the adoption of energy-saving technologies.
- Growing demand for advanced features like remote monitoring and predictive maintenance capabilities in soft starters.
Key Challenges and Restraints:
- Competition from variable frequency drives (VFDs), especially in applications requiring precise speed control.
- Fluctuations in raw material prices can impact production costs and profitability.
- Supply chain disruptions can affect the timely availability of components, impacting production output. These disruptions caused a xx% decrease in production in 2022.
Emerging Opportunities in Soft Starter Industry
Untapped markets in developing economies present significant growth opportunities. The integration of IoT and AI into soft starters opens up possibilities for predictive maintenance and remote diagnostics, enhancing system reliability and reducing downtime. Evolving consumer preferences towards energy-efficient and cost-effective solutions further boost market prospects.
Growth Accelerators in the Soft Starter Industry Industry
Technological advancements in power electronics and control systems will continue to drive market growth. Strategic partnerships and collaborations between manufacturers and end-users can accelerate product innovation and market penetration. Expansion into emerging markets and developing new applications for soft starters, particularly in renewable energy and electric vehicle charging infrastructure, will further contribute to long-term growth.
Key Players Shaping the Soft Starter Industry Market
- ABB Ltd (and GE Industrial)
- Fairford Electronics Inc (Motortronics UK Ltd)
- Danfoss Group
- Toshiba International Corporation
- Siemens AG
- Schneider Electric SE
- Eaton Corporation PLC
- AuCom Electronics Ltd
- Rockwell Automation Inc
- IGEL Electric GmbH
- CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd
Notable Milestones in Soft Starter Industry Sector
- 2021: ABB launches a new generation of soft starters with enhanced energy efficiency features.
- 2022: Siemens acquires a smaller soft starter manufacturer to expand its product portfolio.
- 2023: Industry-wide adoption of new safety standards for soft starter installations.
In-Depth Soft Starter Industry Market Outlook
The soft starter market is poised for continued growth driven by technological innovation, increasing industrial automation, and stringent environmental regulations. Strategic opportunities lie in developing advanced functionalities, expanding into new applications, and capitalizing on growth in emerging markets. The market's future potential is significant, with sustained growth expected throughout the forecast period.
Soft Starter Industry Segmentation
-
1. End-user Industry
- 1.1. Mining and Metal
- 1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 1.3. Energy & Power
- 1.4. Oil & Gas
- 1.5. Other End-user Industries
Soft Starter Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Latin America
- 5. Middle East and Africa

Soft Starter Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.91% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Adoption of Digitisation to Improve Production; Introduction of Cloud Technology to Consolidate Information
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Investment and Running Costs Involved in Implementation and Upgrade of Manufacturing Execution Systems for Small-Scale Production; Lack of Awareness Regarding Benefits of MES Solutions Among SMEs
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Oil and Gas Industry to Drive the Market Growth
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 5.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 5.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 5.1.3. Energy & Power
- 5.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 5.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Latin America
- 5.2.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 6. North America Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 6.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 6.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 6.1.3. Energy & Power
- 6.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 6.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 7. Europe Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 7.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 7.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 7.1.3. Energy & Power
- 7.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 7.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 8. Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 8.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 8.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 8.1.3. Energy & Power
- 8.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 8.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 9. Latin America Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 9.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 9.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 9.1.3. Energy & Power
- 9.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 9.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 10. Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 10.1.1. Mining and Metal
- 10.1.2. Food & Beveerage
- 10.1.3. Energy & Power
- 10.1.4. Oil & Gas
- 10.1.5. Other End-user Industries
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-user Industry
- 11. North America Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Europe Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Latin America Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1.
- 15. Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1.
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 ABB Ltd (and GE Industrial)
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Fairford Electronics Inc (Motortronics UK Ltd)
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Danfoss Group
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Toshiba International Corporation
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Siemens AG
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Schneider Electric SE
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Eaton Corporation PLC
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 AuCom Electronics Ltd*List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 Rockwell Automation Inc
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 IGEL Electric GmbH
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.11 CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd
- 16.2.11.1. Overview
- 16.2.11.2. Products
- 16.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 ABB Ltd (and GE Industrial)
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Latin America Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by End-user Industry 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Middle East and Africa Soft Starter Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Soft Starter Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-user Industry 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Soft Starter Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Soft Starter Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.91%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Soft Starter Industry?
Key companies in the market include ABB Ltd (and GE Industrial), Fairford Electronics Inc (Motortronics UK Ltd), Danfoss Group, Toshiba International Corporation, Siemens AG, Schneider Electric SE, Eaton Corporation PLC, AuCom Electronics Ltd*List Not Exhaustive, Rockwell Automation Inc, IGEL Electric GmbH, CG Power and Industrial Solutions Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Soft Starter Industry?
The market segments include End-user Industry.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Adoption of Digitisation to Improve Production; Introduction of Cloud Technology to Consolidate Information.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Oil and Gas Industry to Drive the Market Growth.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Investment and Running Costs Involved in Implementation and Upgrade of Manufacturing Execution Systems for Small-Scale Production; Lack of Awareness Regarding Benefits of MES Solutions Among SMEs.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Soft Starter Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Soft Starter Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Soft Starter Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Soft Starter Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence